Background
SEMASHKO, Nikolay was born on September 21, 1874 in village Livenskoye, Oryol Province. Son of a teacher.
SEMASHKO, Nikolay was born on September 21, 1874 in village Livenskoye, Oryol Province. Son of a teacher.
1901 graduate with distinction, Medical Faculty, Kazan’ University.
1893, while a student at Moscow University, joined Marxist circle. 1893-1895 revol propaganda among students and Moscow workers. 1895 arrested and exiled for two years to Yelets.
1898 transferred to Medical Faculty, Kazan' University. 1899—1900, together with Artificial Intelligence Rykov, founded Social-Democratic circles in Kazan’. 1901 again arrested for revol activities and banished from Kazan’.
1901 passed state medical examination at Kazan’ University. Foreign some months served as health officer in Novo-Udinsk Uyezd, Samara Province. 1902-1903 country dr in Mtsensk Uyezd, Oryol Province.
1904-1905 health officer, Nizhniy Novgorod former local government authority. Also conducted underground Party work for Nizhniy Novgorod Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party Organisation Published first socio-hygiene studies on sickness rate in the village Bogorodskoye and Panino, Nizhniy Novgorod Province.
1905 took part in Revol in Nizhniy Novgorod and Sormovo. Arrested and imprisoned for nine months. Then emigrated to Switzerland and settled in Geneva, where he assisted Lenin in his Party work.
1907 attended Stuttgart Party Congress. 1907 arrested by Swiss authorities on charges of complicity in the Tiflis expropriation case. 1908, after release from prison, moved with Lenin to Paris and until 1910 was secretary, Foreign Bureau, Central Committee, Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks).
1911-1912 published articles in Party press on old-age retirement schemes for workers, agrarian problems, et cetera 1912 attended 6th All-Russian Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party Conference in Prague. 1912 taught school hygiene at new Russian school near Paris.
1913-1917 physician in Serbia and Bulgaria. September 1917 moved to Moscow and played active part in October Revol. Then Bureau member, Council of Rayon Dumas and head of its 9th Medical Hygiene Department.
1918 member, Medical Collegium, People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. Then member, Council of Physicians’ Collegia and first head, Medical Health Department, Moscow Soviet of Workers and Soldiers’ Department. 1918 appointed Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic People's Commissariat of Health.
1918 used his authority in this post to order the abolition of the Pirogov Physicians’ Social, the Medical Health Council, the Russian Red Cross Social and other medical soc and organisation. 1918 founded Learned Medical Council and Pasteur Sciences Institute at People's Commissariat of Health. Also nationalized pharmacies and founded Centr Medical Library.
1919 nationalized health resort establishments. From 1922 co-founder and chairman, Scientists Center, Academy of Sciences. Founded Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics’s first Chair of Social Hygiene at Medical Faculty, 1st Moscow University (now Scchcnov 1st Moscow Medical Institute) and worked here as professor
1923 founded Clinic of Social and Occupational Diseases, Chair of Social Hygiene, 1st Moscow University. 1928-1936 chief ed, “Bol’shaya meditsinskaya entsiklopediya” (Large Medical Encyclopedia). 1929 introduced class principle into medical treatment.
1930 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (B) Centr Coml disclosed serious defects in People's Commissariat of Health. Despite Semashko’s apologies and promise of reforms, he was dismissed as Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic People's Commissariat of Health. 1930-1936 Presidium member and chairman, Children’s Commission, All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
1937-1941 with Higher Physical Training Council. 1942-1944 director, Institute of Hygiene, 1st Moscow Medical Institute. 1944 helped found Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics Academy of Medical Sciences and was elected member and Presidium member.
1945-1949 director, Institute of School Hygiene, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. From 1946 founder-head, Commission to Study the Health Consequences of the War, Presidium of Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics Academy of Medical Sciences. 1947-1949 also director, Institute of Public Health Organization(s) and History of Medical, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics Academy of Medical Sciences.
1948 accused a number of leading Soviet sci of idealism. Edited many medical publication Chairman, Board, All-Union Hygiene Social.
Presidium member, Social to Promote the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics Aviation, Defense and Chemical Indiana. Wrote some 250 works on public health organisation, history of medical, et cetera
Member and Presidium member, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics Academy of Medical Sciences from 1934. Member, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Academy of Pedagogical Sciences from 1945. Communist Party member from 1893.