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Pierre Etienne Du Ponceau was born on June 3, 1760, at St. Martin, France. His father was of ancient lineage and held a command in the army at St. Martin.
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Pierre Etienne Du Ponceau was born on June 3, 1760, at St. Martin, France. His father was of ancient lineage and held a command in the army at St. Martin.
Pierre's early education was obtained at the grammar school, supplemented by private tuition, and he acquired a thorough knowledge of English and Italian from soldiers of those countries quartered in the town. It had been intended that he should undertake a military career but this had to be relinquished because of his weak eyesight, and in 1773 he entered a college of Benedictine monks at St. Jean Angely with a view to a classical education, but returned to St. Martin the next year on the death of his father.
His family was Catholic and desired Pierre to become a priest. So he "took the tonsure" and became a regent in the Episcopal college at Bressuire in Poitou. At the end of 1775, however, he abandoned the idea of entering the Church. Going to Paris, he at first earned his living expenses by translating and teaching, and then became secretary to the philologist, Court de Gebelin. Shortly afterward he was introduced to Baron Steuben who needed a secretary familiar with the English language to accompany him on his approaching journey to America, and who, on learning of Du Ponceau's qualifications, at once engaged him. Embarking from Marseilles, they landed at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, December 1, 1777.
Du Ponceau was appointed captain in the Continental Army February 18, 1778, and on Baron Steuben's being appointed major-general and inspector general by Washington at Valley Forge a few days later, he became Steuben's aide-de-camp. Though ill qualified for military life through his nearsightedness, he remained in active service for two years, but in the fall of 1779 he was compelled by an affection of the lungs to retire to Philadelphia on sick leave. Later he recovered sufficiently to join General Greene, but had a relapse which necessitated his leaving the army.
Recommended to Robert R. Livingston, secretary for foreign affairs, by Judge Peters, he became Livingston's undersecretary, October 22, 1781, continuing as such till June 4, 1783, and fulfilling his duties with great ability. He had prior to the close of the war determined to enter the legal profession, and after two years of study was admitted an attorney of the court of common pleas at Philadelphia on June 24, 1785, becoming an attorney of the supreme court in the following year. He commenced practice in Philadelphia, the international situation at that period and his own unusual attainments combining to bring him to the front at the bar in a very short time. The United States was neutral in the European conflict, and complicated questions of the conflicting rights of neutrals and belligerents arose continually, which the local practitioners were generally incompetent to handle, whereas Du Ponceau's acquaintance with civil and foreign law and languages caused him to be frequently retained in matters involving international law and practice. He became recognized as a leading authority in this country on that subject and as such appeared constantly before the supreme courts of Pennsylvania and the United States. Much French and other foreign business came to him, and he had among his clients the diplomatic and consular agents of France in the United States. Later in life he was frequently consulted on questions of constitutional law.
He never evinced any interest in politics, local or national, and passed a somewhat sequestered life, engrossed in his professional engagements and finding his only recreation in literature and linguistic studies, in which latter field he acquired wide fame. His contributions to philology brought him international recognition. In addition, a number of his addresses to the Law Academy of Philadelphia, which he founded in 1821, and contributions to the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, of which latter body he was elected president in 1828, were republished in pamphlet form.
In his later years he became almost blind, and an increasing deafness was an additional obstacle to the prosecution of his investigations. His mental faculties, however, remained unimpaired to the last, and he only relinquished study a few weeks prior to his death.
Du Ponceau's publications on legal subjects included: a translation from the original Latin of Bynkershoek entitled, A Treatise on the Law of War . Being the First Book of his Quaestiones Juris Publici (1810) with notes; A Dissertation on the Nature and Extent of the Jurisdiction of the Courts of the United States (1824); and A Brief View of the Constitution of the United States (1834), the last-named being also translated into French.
His contributions to historical and linguistic literature were numerous, particularly on philological subjects, his studies in the languages of the North American Indian being particularly original and suggestive. He was the author of English Phonology (1817), and A Discourse on the Early History of Pennsylvania (1821); and also published, Histoire, moeurs et coutumes des nations indiennes qui habitaient autrefois la Pensylvanie et les Etats Voisins (Paris 1822), translated from the English of John Heckewelder; a "Notes and Observations on Eliot's Indian Grammar"; A Short Description of the Province of New Sweden: Now Called, by the English, Pennsylvania, in America (1834), translated from the Swedish of Thomas Campanius Holm; Memoire sur le systeme grammatical des langues de quelques nations indiennes de L'Amerique du Nord (Paris 1838), which procured for him the award of the Volney prize of $2, 000 from the French Institute; and Dissertation on the Nature and Character of the Chinese System of Writing (1838).
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Du Ponceau was a member of the American Antiquarian Society, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1820.
On May 21, 1788, he was married to Anne Perry.