Pierre-Victurnien Vergniaud was orator, revolutionist, an eloquent spokesman for the moderate Girondin faction during the French Revolution.
Background
Vergniaud was born on May 31, 1753 in the city of Limoges in the province of Limousin, to the elder Pierre Vergniaud and his wife Catherine Baubiat. The Vergniauds had both come from well-to-do merchant families with a long history in the province, and the family enjoyed a comfortable prosperity. At the time of Vergniaud's birth, his father was a contractor and purveyor for the king, supplying food for the royal garrison in the city.
Education
The boy was early sent to the college of the Jesuits at Limoges, and soon achieved distinction.
It is impossible to read the speeches of Vergniaud without being convinced of the solidity of his education, and in particular of the wide range of his knowledge of the classics, and of his acquaintance-familiar and sympathetic-with ancient philosophy and history.
Career
In 1781 became an advocate in the Parlement (high court of justice) of Bordeaux. Although he was a capable lawyer, he was so indolent that he refused to take cases unless he was in need of money.
Vergniaud greeted the outbreak of the Revolution with enthusiasm. In 1790 he attracted widespread attention by pleading the case of a soldier who had been involved in a riot against a landlord. Elected to the administration of the Gironde département (1790), he looked on with approval as the revolutionary National Assembly in Paris abolished France’s feudal institutions and restricted the hitherto absolute powers of King Louis XVI. Vergniaud took a seat with the other Girondin deputies in the Legislative Assembly, which succeeded the National Assembly on October 1, 1791, and he spoke with eloquence in favour of war with Austria. After war was declared (April 20, 1792), he exposed Louis XVI’s counterrevolutionary intrigues and suggested (July 3) that the King should be deposed. Nevertheless, unlike their Jacobin rivals, Vergniaud and the other Girondins were unwilling to form ties with the disenfranchised lower classes. Faced with the threat of popular insurrection in Paris, Vergniaud attempted secretly to come to terms with the King in late July. The populace of Paris rose against Louis on August 10, and Vergniaud, as president of the Assembly, was forced to propose the suspension of the King and the summoning of a National Convention.
In the Convention, which met on September 20, 1792, Vergniaud avoided attacking the Montagnards (as the Jacobin deputies were called) until they revealed (Jan. 3, 1793) his previous negotiations with the King. During the trial of Louis XVI, Vergniaud at first sought to save the monarch’s life, but he finally joined the majority in voting (January 1793) for the death sentence. On June 2, 1793, Parisian insurgents, in alliance with the Montagnards, forced the convention to place Vergniaud and 28 other Girondin leaders under house arrest. Vergniaud continued to defy his opponents but made no attempt to escape from Paris. Imprisoned on July 26, he was condemned by the Revolutionary Tribunal on October 30 and guillotined the following day.
Views
Quotations:
"There was reason to fear that the Revolution, like Saturn, might devour in turn each one of her children. "
"When justice has spoken, humanity must have its turn. "