(Originally published in 1907. This volume from the Cornel...)
Originally published in 1907. This volume from the Cornell University Library's print collections was scanned on an APT BookScan and converted to JPG 2000 format by Kirtas Technologies. All titles scanned cover to cover and pages may include marks notations and other marginalia present in the original volume.
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(Excerpt from The Importance of Physiological Chemistry as...)
Excerpt from The Importance of Physiological Chemistry as a Part of Medical Education IN this age of progression, when the attention of the medical profession is being directed toward a broader and more comprehensive system of medical education, it is well to consider some of the claims presented by physio logical chemistry to occupy a prominent place in the medi cal curriculum of the day, or, if not as an integral part of medical study itself, as a fundamental part of that prepara tory training which all progressive minds in the medical profession consider as so important for the 'most complete and intelligent understanding of the science of medicine in its broadest sense. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from On Digestive Proteolysis: Being the Cartwrig...)
Excerpt from On Digestive Proteolysis: Being the Cartwright Lectures for 1894, Delivered Before the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York The presence of hemi and anti-groups in all typical proteids, Cleavage of the albumin-molecule with dilute sulphuric acid, Hydration and cleavage of albumin by the action of super heated water, with formation of atmid-albumoses, etc. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from The Diastatic Action of Saliva, as Modified ...)
Excerpt from The Diastatic Action of Saliva, as Modified by Various Conditions, Studied Quantitatively It is a fact Well understood that the chemical action of a ferment is out of all proportion to the amount of ferment present; indeeci, a given solution of'a ferment can be diluted again and again Without any marked difference in its chemical activity, or at least none at all proportionate to the degree of dilution. It is only when the dilution has been carried to the extreme limit that the relative power of the mixture can be taken as a measure of the amount of ferment present. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
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(Excerpt from The Mucin of White Fibrous Connective Tissue...)
Excerpt from The Mucin of White Fibrous Connective Tissue The residue of tendon-tissue was again extracted for forty-eight hours with 24 litres of half - saturated limewater, and the resultant solution precipitated with an excess of O'2-per-cent hydrochloric acid. The precipitate so formed was nearly as heavy as the first, thus showing that extraction of the mucin by weak limewater is a slow and gradual process. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Originally published in 1904. This volume from the Cornel...)
Originally published in 1904. This volume from the Cornell University Library's print collections was scanned on an APT BookScan and converted to JPG 2000 format by Kirtas Technologies. All titles scanned cover to cover and pages may include marks notations and other marginalia present in the original volume.
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(Excerpt from A Case of Alleged Naphtha Poisoning in a Rub...)
Excerpt from A Case of Alleged Naphtha Poisoning in a Rubber Factory: With an Inquiry Into the Effects of the Inhalation of Naphtha Vapor The churn-room is 241} feet long, 15 feet 11 inches wide, and 125 feet high, and contains cubic feet. It has five large windows each 5 feet 5 inches wide and 7 feet 105 inches high, two on the south side and three on the west. On the east is a door, 6 feet 9% inches high and 2 feet 115 inches wide, opening into a passage way which leads to the outer air, the passage being 3 feet 10 inches wide and 13 feet 8 inches long. Hux ley, in his Elementary Physiology, page 100, says, to be supplied with respiratory air in a fair state of purity, every man ought to have at least 800 cubic feet of Space to himself, and that space ought to be freely accessible by direct or indirect channels to the atmosphere. The churn-room contained nearly six times the space needed for one man. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Russell Henry Chittenden was born on February 18, 1856 in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. He was the only child of Horace Horatio and Emily Eliza (Doane) Chittenden. His father, a superintendent in a clothing factory, was descended from an old Connecticut family, the first member having migrated from Kent, England, in 1639.
Russell attended local public and private schools and, since his family was of modest means, earned part of his expenses by factory work, gardening, and tutoring. He had hoped for a career in medicine, but, learning that he lacked adequate training in science, he enrolled in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, where he concentrated in chemistry. After his first year he was appointed a laboratory assistant, and in 1875 he graduated with the Ph. B. degree. His senior thesis (which reported his research on the chemical composition of mollusks) was published in condensed form in the American Journal of Science in 1875 and in German translation in Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. During his senior year Chittenden had been given responsibility for a newly created laboratory course in physiological chemistry (or biochemistry, as the field later became known), the first such course in America. This he continued to teach after graduation.
In 1878 he went to Germany for a year, planning to study physiological chemistry in the Strassburg laboratory of the famous Felix Hoppe-Seyler, but, disappointed with the antiquated and overcrowded facilities he found on his arrival there, he moved to Heidelberg, where he was accepted in the laboratory of the physiologist Wilhelm (Willy) Kühne. There he attended Robert Bunsen's lectures on chemistry, took courses in anatomy and pathology, carried out physiological research, and for a time served as Kühne's assistant in lecture demonstrations. Upon his return to Yale, Chittenden, while continuing to teach, completed the requirements for the Ph. D. , which was granted in 1880. In 1882 he was appointed to the newly founded professorship of physiological chemistry in the Sheffield Scientific School. He rapidly built up the laboratory for instruction in this field, which was pursued by graduate students in chemistry as well as by medical students. By the mid-1890's as many as two hundred students were enrolled in Chittenden's lecture course, and by 1900 eleven students, including Lafayette B. Mendel and Yandell Henderson, had earned the Ph. D. in his laboratory. Chittenden's principal research up to 1890 dealt with the chemical nature of proteins. His earliest studies were made in collaboration with Kühne; the two discussed their work by correspondence and published their findings, jointly signed, in German and American scientific journals. An enormous amount of work was done on enzymatic splitting of proteins and analysis of fragments. Unfortunately, protein chemistry was then still in a very rudimentary state, and the work had little lasting importance; it did, however, contribute to an eventual understanding of the complexity of protein molecules. Parallel with the early protein work were studies on the enzymatic digestion of starch, particularly the role of acid and alkaline conditions in enzyme action. Of some interest also was Chittenden's isolation of papain, a protein-splitting enzyme obtained from pineapple. Through his work on enzymes Chittenden had developed an interest in the general problem of nutrition, which led to some of his most important research, that on the protein requirements of man. At the beginning of the twentieth century, most experts in human nutrition advocated a diet high in caloric value and containing ample protein; the German chemist Carl von Voit recommended 118 grams of protein daily. In 1902 Chittenden learned of the dietary theories of Horace Fletcher, a wealthy American businessman who, in his books and health lectures, advocated lengthy chewing of food. Chittenden invited him to New Haven, where Fletcher cooperated in physical fitness and physiological tests. Quickly discounting the mastication theory, Chittenden was nonetheless impressed with Fletcher's low-calorie diet, particularly the small amount of protein. With substantial financial aid from Fletcher and from the Carnegie Institution, the National Academy of Sciences, and private sources, Chittenden embarked upon extensive studies of low-protein diets, utilizing army volunteers and Yale athletes as subjects. He himself lowered his daily protein intake to about forty grams and claimed he was improved in health. His volunteers were maintained in good physical condition on 2, 600 calories and fifty grams of protein per day. The results were presented in Chittenden's Physiological Economy in Nutrition (1904). Chittenden's enthusiasm for a low-protein diet was viewed skeptically in many quarters, particularly by British and German authorities. To answer their criticisms, he undertook studies on dogs, which supported his conviction that such a diet had no ill effects, even in carnivorous animals. A critical analysis throws considerable doubt on the soundness of his conclusions, since the animals showed a deterioration in health following an extended time on the diet, and since he reported results on only six of the twenty animals under study. Animal feeding studies in other laboratories were beginning to reveal that proteins varied in nutritional composition and that the problem was more complicated than Chittenden had supposed. He defended his position in his book The Nutrition of Man (1907), and retained his enthusiasm for the low-protein diet during the rest of his life. Although nutrition experts eventually abandoned the high protein requirement set by Voit, they did not adopt the low figure supported by Chittenden. Thereafter he carried out relatively little research of his own, although he continued to direct the work of others; and though he taught lecture courses until 1916, the direction of the laboratory fell to his pupil Mendel. Budgetary problems, however, combined with dissatisfaction over the Sheffield School's lack of coordination with the college and the graduate school, brought a reorganization of the university after World War I, and when Chittenden retired in 1922, the school was effectively discontinued. Most of its courses were substantially integrated with those of the college, although the biochemistry courses that Chittenden had established were moved to the medical school. Chittenden's position as dean of American biochemistry brought him a variety of responsibilities beyond the campus. He had early done work of some importance in toxicology, and this led to his appointment to the "Committee of Fifty, " set up in 1893--in reaction against the campaign of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union for "scientific temperance instruction" in the schools --to investigate the effects of alcohol on the human body. The results of his experiments, which showed that many of the harmful effects ascribed to alcohol were not confirmed in the laboratory, were incorporated in Physiological Aspects of the Liquor Problem, a two-volume work published by the committee in 1903. In 1908 Chittenden was made a member of the Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts appointed by Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson to help resolve differences of opinion between Harvey W. Wiley, who had charge of enforcing the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, and members of the food industry, who wished to continue the use of preservatives and other food additives. After careful experiments with human volunteers, the board decided that small amounts of benzoates, sulfites, aluminum, and saccharin were without harm, but that copper salts had adverse effects. There was considerable public dissatisfaction with the conclusions of the Referee Board, and in 1915 it was quietly discontinued. During World War I, Chittenden served on the executive committee of the National Research Council. He was also called upon, along with Graham Lusk, to represent the United States on an Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, which met in Europe early in 1918 to discuss minimum food requirements for the allied nations. Five universities, including Yale, honored him with doctoral degrees, and he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1890, at the early age of thirty-four. His remaining years were occupied primarily with historical writings, leading to his History of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, 1846-1922 (2 vols. , 1928), The Development of Physiological Chemistry in the United States (1930), and The First Twenty-five Years of the American Society of Biological Chemists (1945). In his last years Chittenden suffered from arteriosclerotic heart disease. He died in the New Haven Hospital of bronchopneumonia at the age of eighty-seven and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery, New Haven.
Chittenden was made director of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, and became treasurer as well, an office of considerable financial responsibility. During his twenty-four years as director, Chittenden greatly expanded both the faculty and the physical facilities of the Sheffield School, as an entity largely independent of Yale College. The two schools became "rival baronies, " and in the resulting struggle for power, Chittenden's "aggressive and obstinate determination" earned him the name of "little Napoleon. " As one of the founders of the science of biochemistry in America, Chittenden helped organize the American Society of Biological Chemists in 1906 and served as its first president. He was president of the American Physiological Society from 1895 to 1904.
(Excerpt from The Importance of Physiological Chemistry as...)
(Excerpt from The Diastatic Action of Saliva, as Modified ...)
(Excerpt from On Digestive Proteolysis: Being the Cartwrig...)
(Excerpt from The Mucin of White Fibrous Connective Tissue...)
(Excerpt from A Case of Alleged Naphtha Poisoning in a Rub...)
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
(Originally published in 1907. This volume from the Cornel...)
(Originally published in 1904. This volume from the Cornel...)
Chittenden was a short, thin man (little more than five feet tall) with dark, penetrating eyes and a pointed black beard which turned gray only in his last years. Always neatly dressed, he gave an impression of self-confidence coupled with a reserve which prevented even close associates from becoming familiar with him. He worked very hard and expected hard work from his students and associates. An inspired teacher rather than a great experimenter, he was able to engender enthusiasm for his subject, and his laboratory supplied virtually a whole generation of biochemists in American institutions.
Chittenden was married to Gertrude Louise Baldwin on June 20, 1877. Their children were Edith Russell, Alfred Knight, and Lilla Millard (who married the Yale pharmacologist and physiologist Henry Gray Barbour). Mrs. Chittenden died in 1922, the year that her husband retired from active faculty duties.
