Military Academy, Helsinki, 1941, Second Lieutenant. University of Helsinki, 1943-1947, Master of Arts. Staff College, Helsinki, 1949-1950, General Staff Officer, Professional interests: strategy, history, international rel.
Spoken languages: Finnish, English, German, Swedish.
Chief Operations Officer, United Nations Emergency Force since 1973. Chief Operations Officer, United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus, 1972-1973. Senior Staff Officer, Finnish Defense Forces, 1966-1972.
Operations Officer, Finnish Contingent, United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus, 1964-1965. Journalist & Foreign Correspondent, United Kingdom, 1954-1961. Various posts, Finnish Army, 1940-1954.
International Institute, Institution of Strategic Study, London.
