Regeneration In Planarians... - Scholar's Choice Edition
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The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity - Primary Source Edition
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The Development of the Frog's Egg: An Introduction to Experimental Embryology
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Thomas Hunt Morgan was an American zoologist, evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist, educator and science author whose research won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933.
Background
Thomas Hunt Morgan was born on September 25, 1866, in Lexington, Kentucky, United States. He was the son of Charlton Hunt Morgan and Ellen Key Howard Morgan.
As a boy, Morgan spent his childhood in the countryside of Kentucky with occasional visits to his mother’s family in Maryland, where he enjoyed exploring and looking for fossils. For two summers during his youth he worked with the United States Geological Survey in the Kentucky mountains. These experiences gave him an appreciation and fondness for natural history that stayed with him into adulthood.
Education
After attending prep school at the State College of Kentucky (which later became the University of Kentucky), Morgan stayed on as an undergraduate, receiving his Bachelor of Scince in zoology in 1886. Later, Morgan studied at Johns Hopkins University, where he divided his time between morphology and physiology. In 1890 he finished his doctoral work on sea spiders and received his doctorate.
In 1890, Morgan was appointed associate professor (and head of the biology department) at Johns Hopkins' sister school Bryn Mawr College. He was a professor of experimental zoology at Columbia University in New York City from 1904 to 1928. From that year until his death, Morgan was professor of zoology and director of the William G. Kerckhoff Laboratories at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena.
It was at Columbia that he began to work upon genetics. Fortunately, he adopted the suggestion of F. E. Lutz to use the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as his experimental material. Morgan's discoveries in genetics caused him to reverse his judgment so that he became the foremost exponent of the Mendelian theory. Morgan's detailed studies of Drosophila began in 1909, and he published his first papers on the subject in 1910.
This work was founded upon the discovery of a fly with white, instead of the normal red, eyes. He showed that this condition is sex-linked and that the male in this insect is the heterogametic sex. However, this was not the first discovery of sex linkage. This discovery had been made previously (1906 to 1908) by Doncaster and Raynor using the moth, Abraxas grossulariata. However, they had misunderstood its significance.
In 1915 Morgan, Sturtevant, Calvin Bridges and H. J. Muller wrote the seminal book The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity. Because of Morgan's dramatic success with Drosophila, many other labs throughout the world took up fruit fly genetics. Columbia became the center of an informal exchange network, through which promising mutant Drosophila strains were transferred from lab to lab. Morgan's group remained highly productive, but Morgan largely withdrew from doing fly work and gave his lab members considerable freedom in designing and carrying out their own experiments. He returned to embryology and worked to encourage the spread of genetics research to other organisms and the spread of the mechanistic experimental approach to all biological fields.
After 25 years at Columbia, and nearing the age of retirement, he received an offer from George Ellery Hale to establish a school of biology in California. Morgan moved to California to head the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology in 1928. He received two extensions of his contract at Division at Caltech, but eventually retired in 1942, becoming professor and chairman emeritus. Although he had retired, Morgan kept offices across the road from the Division and continued laboratory work. In his retirement, he returned to the questions of sexual differentiation, regeneration, and embryology. In 1945, at age 79, he experienced a severe heart attack and died from a ruptured artery.
Thomas Hunt Morgan was famous for his experimental research with the fruit fly (Drosophila) by which he established the chromosome theory of heredity. His work played a key role in establishing the field of genetics. Morgan showed that genes are linked in a series on chromosomes and are responsible for identifiable, hereditary traits. He wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers, the most popular: Evolution and Adaptation, A Critique of the Theory of Evolution.
Morgan was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of the Royal Society.
Personality
Quotes from others about the person
Nobel prize winner Eric Kandel has written of Morgan, "Much as Darwin's insights into the evolution of animal species first gave coherence to nineteenth-century biology as a descriptive science, Morgan's findings about genes and their location on chromosomes helped transform biology into an experimental science."
Connections
In 1904, Thomas Hunt Morgan married Lilian Vaughan Sampson. He had 4 children.
Father:
Charlton Hunt Morgan
Mother:
Ellen Key Howard Morgan
Spouse:
Lilian Vaughan Sampson
She was an experimental biologist, who made significant contribution to his research on ‘Drosophila melanogaster’.
Daughter:
Isabel Merrick Morgan
She was an American virologist at Johns Hopkins University who prepared an experimental vaccine that protected monkeys against polio.
Son:
Howard Key Morgan
Daughter:
Edith Sampson Morgan
Daughter:
Lilian Vaughn Morgan
Great-grandfather:
John Wesley Hunt
He was one of the first millionaires west of the Allegheny Mountains.
Uncle:
John Hunt Morgan
John Hunt Morgan was a general in the Confederate Army and led a group of guerrillas known as “Morgan’s Raiders” during the early 1860s.
