Background
Thomas Otway was born on March 3, 1652 at Trotton, near Midhurst, Sussex, United Kingdom. His father, Humphrey Otway, was at that time curate of Trotton, but Otway's childhood was spent at Woolbeding, a parish 3 m. distant, of which his father had become rector.
Education
He was educated at Winchester College, and in 1669 entered Christ Church, Oxford, as a commoner, but left the university without a degree in the autumn of 1672, to pursue an unsuccessful theatrical career in London.
Career
Though he wrote three comedies and used comic subplots in his tragedies, comedy was not Otway's forte.
Of his heroic plays in rhyme, Alcibiades (1675) furnished Mrs. Barry her first successful role, and Don Carlos (1676) ranked with the best heroic dramas of the period. His fame rests upon his last two tragedies, The Orphan (1680) and Venice Preserved (1681 - 1682).
At Oxford he made the acquaintance of Anthony Cary, 5th viscount Falkland, through whom, he says in the dedication to Caius Marius, he first learned to love books.
In London he made acquaintance with Mrs Aphra Behn, who in 1672 cast him for the part of the old king in her Forc'd Marriage, or The Jealous Bridegroom, at the Dorset Garden Theatre, but he had a bad attack of stage fright, and never made a second appearance.
In 1675 Thomas Betterton produced, at the same theatre, Otway's first dramatic attempt, Alcibiades, which was printed in the same year.
It is a poor tragedy, written in heroic verse, but was saved from absolute failure by the actors.
Mrs Barry took the part of Draxilla, and her lover, the earl of Rochester, recommended the author of the piece to the notice of the duke of York.
He made a great advance on this first work in Don Carlos, Prince of Spain (licensed June 15, 1676; an undated edition probably belongs to the same year).
The material for this rhymed tragedy Otway took from the novel of the same name, written in 1672 by the Abbe de Saint-Real, the source from which Schiller also drew his tragedy of Don Carlos.
In it the two characters familiar throughout his plays make their appearance.
In 1677 Betterton produced two adaptations from the French by Otway, Titus and Berenice (from Racine's Birenice), and the Cheats of Scapin (from Moliere's Fourberies de Scapin).
Meanwhile he had conceived an overwhelming passion for Mrs Barry, who filled many of the leading parts in his plays.
Six of his letters to her survive, the last of them referring to a broken appointment in the Mall.
Mrs Barry seems to have coquetted with Otway, but she had no intention of permanently offending Rochester.
In 1678, driven to desperation by Mrs Barry, Otway obtained a commission through Charles, earl of Plymouth, a natural son of Charles II, in a regiment serving in the Netherlands.
The English troops were disbanded in 1679, but were left to find their way home as best they could.
They were also paid with depreciated paper, and Otway arrived in London late in the year, ragged and dirty, a circumstance utilized by Rochester in his "Sessions of the Poets, " which contains a scurrilous attack on his former protege.
Early in the next year (February 1680) was produced at Dorset Garden the first of Otway's two tragic masterpieces, The Orphan, or The Unhappy Marriage, Mrs Barry playing the part of Monimia.
The History and Fall of Caius Marius, produced in the same year, and printed in 1692, is a curious grafting of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet on the story of Marius as related in Plutarch's Lives.
An indifferent comedy, The Soldier's Fortune (1681), was followed in February 1682 by Venice Preserved, or A Plot Discover'd.
The story is founded on the Histoire de la conjuration des Espagnols centre la Venise en 1618, by the Аbbe de Saint-Real, but Otway modified the story considerably.
The character of Belvidera is his own, and the leading part in the conspiracy, taken by Bedamor, the Spanish ambassador, is given in the play to the historically insignificant Pierre and Jaffier.
The Popish Plot was in Otway's mind, and Anthony, 1st earl of Shaftesbury, is caricatured in Antonio.
The play won instant success.
The Orphan and Venice Preserved remained stock pieces on the stage until the 19th century, and the leading actresses of the period played Monimia and Belvidera.
One or two prefaces, another weak comedy, The Atheist (1684), and two posthumous pieces, a poem, Windsor Castle (1685), a panegyric of Charles II, and a History of the Triumvirates (1686), translated from the French, complete the list of Otway's works.
He apparently ceased to struggle against his poverty and misfortunes.
The generally accepted story regarding the manner of his death was first given in Theophilus Cibber's Lives of the Poets.
He is said to have emerged from his retreat at the Bull on Tower Hill to beg for bread.
He began too hastily to satisfy his ravenous hunger, and choked with the first mouthful.
A tragedy entitled Heroick Friendship was printed in 1686 as Otway's work, but the ascription is unlikely.
The Works of Mr Thomas Otway with some account of his life and writings, published in 1712, was followed by other editions (1757, 1768, 1812).
The standard edition is that by T. Thornton (1813).
A selection of his plays was edited for the Mermaid series (1891 andby Roden Noel).
Personality
Quotes from others about the person
It got more money, " says John Downes (Roscius Anglicanus, 1708) of this play, "than any preceding modern tragedy. "