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physician psychiatrist medician
William Claire Menninger was born on October 15, 1899 in Topeka, Kansas. He was the son of Charles Frederick Menninger, a pioneering physician, and Flora Vesta Knisely, a former teacher. His father encouraged his sons to become involved in civic activities and to take up medicine.
William enrolled at Washburn College and in 1918 interrupted his education to enlist in the United States Army. He completed his B. A. at Washburn College the following year. He did graduate work in medicine and obtained an M. A. in 1922 from Columbia University and an M. D. in 1924 from Cornell University Medical School. From 1924 to 1926 he was an intern in medicine and surgery at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. Menninger returned to Topeka in 1926. There he entered into general practice and served as a specialist in internal medicine on the staff of the Menninger Clinic, a cooperative medical institution founded by his father and older brother, Karl, in 1919. Influenced by his brother, who was interested in psychiatry, Menninger became convinced of the significance of emotional problems in medicine generally and returned to school in 1927 for training in psychiatry. He began postgraduate work in the subject at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D. C. He gained additional experience working at Queen's Square Hospital, London, in 1933 and the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute in 1934-1935.
From 1930 to 1945 William served as the director of the Menninger Sanitarium and, following the expansion of the Menninger Foundation and educational facilities for psychiatry in Topeka, became a professor of psychiatry at the Menninger School of Psychiatry in 1946, a position he held until his death. In 1923, while spending the summer working in the laboratory of the Menninger Clinic, he witnessed an outbreak of poliomyelitis and published his first scientific paper on that subject. Concerned with establishing rational, well-defined means for treating the mentally ill, Menninger gradually moved away from research in clinical and experimental medicine, becoming a spokesman and educator for psychiatry. World War II accelerated and considerably expanded Menninger's work on behalf of psychiatry. He reentered the army in 1942 and the next year was appointed to the position of neuropsychiatric consultant for the Fourth Service Command. He was promoted in 1944 to the rank of lieutenant colonel and the position of chief psychiatrist for the army. Menninger identified for army psychiatrists, selective service boards, and military personnel in general the important reasons for conducting neuropsychiatric examinations of inductees and developed examinations for that purpose. In contrast to earlier conditions, when there were few army psychiatrists and soldiers with psychological problems were discharged, Menninger administered and coordinated a psychiatric division and inaugurated programs to treat and rehabilitate psychiatric cases. He also sought to define the wide variety of emotional and psychological problems posed by the war. In 1945, by which time he had become a brigadier general, he compiled a nomenclature of psychiatric disorders and reactions that was considerably more comprehensive than previous classifications. World War II thus provided Menninger with the opportunity to spread basic knowledge and a message about the importance of psychiatry to physicians, military personnel, and eventually the general public. Through public presentations and books such as You and Psychiatry (1948), Making and Keeping Friends (1952), and Human Understanding in Industry (1956), Menninger applied the lessons of psychiatry to issues in family relations, business and public relations, and virtually any problem in personal development or social interaction. In 1957 he became president of the Menninger Foundation. He died on September 6, 1966 in Topeka.
As chief psychiatrist, Menninger played a pivotal role in promoting the importance of that branch of medicine. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, the French Legion of Honor, and the Albert and Mary Lasker Award. After the war, Menninger became one of the nation's leading figures in the fight against mental illness. Within the medical community, he helped to establish the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry in 1946 and the following year was elected president of the American Psychiatric Association. He also became a popular author and lecturer. Believing that psychiatry offered the means for dealing with a host of psychological and sociological problems, he became a salesman for psychiatry in a wide variety of forums in the 1950's and 1960's.
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Much of Menninger's early medical research focused on the study of the nervous system and neurological diseases. He became interested in the study and treatment of other disorders, including paralysis, Alzheimer's disease, and brain tumors, and became recognized locally for his work as a neurologist. Another neurological disease, syphilis, became a primary interest because in the early 1920's many of the patients who came to the Menninger Clinic were suffering from the disease. He focused his attention on juvenile paresis, an inherited form of syphilis found among teenage children. That work, summed up in his classic study Juvenile Paresis (1936), demonstrated the growing importance of psychiatry in his research. While Menninger's analysis of juvenile paresis indicated that the physical and mental deterioration associated with the disease were caused in part by the physical destruction of the organic brain, more important was the fact that individuals with the disease manifested a series of regressions in psychological and sexual development. Applying the basic tenets of the Freudian theory of psychoanalysis to juvenile paresis, Menninger interpreted the disease as a progressive retrogression caused primarily by the underdevelopment of the individual's ego and libido, a condition that ultimately leads to the withdrawal of any concern with the external environment, a total fixation on self, and complete helplessness. Convinced of the importance of emotional and psychological factors in disease, Menninger became increasingly committed to disseminating information on psychiatry. In numerous papers published in the late 1930's, he examined the role of psychological factors in heart disease, gastrointestinal problems, and pregnancy. On another front, Menninger examined the many needs of psychiatry: the various kinds of therapy; the function of psychiatric hospitals; and the role of psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and others in providing individualized patient care.
Quotations:
"The amount of satisfaction you get from life depends largely on your own ingenuity, self-sufficiency, and resourcefulness. People who wait around for life to supply their satisfaction usually find boredom instead. "
"Six essential qualities that are the key to success: Sincerity, personal integrity, humility, courtesy, wisdom, charity. "
"The Criteria of Emotional Maturity: The ability to deal constructively with reality The capacity to adapt to change A relative freedom from symptoms that are produced by tensions and anxieties The capacity to find more satisfaction in giving than receiving The capacity to relate to other people in a consistent manner with mutual satisfaction and helpfulness The capacity to sublimate, to direct one's instinctive hostile energy into creative and constructive outlets The capacity to love. "
"Maturity is the capacity to love, to care about other people in the broadest sense . .. and to continue to increase this capacity beyond our families to the community, to the state, to the nation, and to this shrinking little world. "
"In positive terms, we can state that psychological maturity entails finding greater satisfaction in giving than in receiving; having a capacity to form satisfying and permanent loyalties; being primarily a creative, contributing person; having learned to profit from experience; having a freedom from fear (anxiety) with a resulting true serenity and not a pseudo absence of tension; and accepting and making the most of unchangeable reality when it confronts one. "
"Hate can only flourish where love is absent. "
"A fellow must know where he wants to go, if he is going to get anywhere. It is so easy just to drift along. Some people go through school as if they thought they were doing their families a favor. On a job, they work along in a humdrum way, interested only in their salary check. They don't have a goal. When anyone crosses them up, they take their marbles and walk out. The people who go places and do things make the most of every situation. They are ready for the next thing that comes along on the road to their goal. They know what they want and are willing to go an extra mile. "
"It is difficult to give children a sense of security unless you have it yourself. If you have it, they catch it from you. "
"It is just as important, perhaps more important, for the teacher to have the benefit of personal counseling when he needs it as it is for the student. "
In 1925, during his residency, Menninger met Catharine Louisa Wright, and they were married on December 11, 1925; they had three children.
11 Jul 1862 - 28 Nov 1953 Was a physician who co-founded the Menninger Foundation.
23 April 1863 - 9 February 1945
18 March 1896 - 17 February 1995
July 22, 1893 – July 18, 1990 Was an American psychiatrist and a member of the Menninger family of psychiatrists who founded the Menninger Foundation and the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas.
Born on October 23, 1931. He is an American psychiatrist in the third generation of the Menninger family
Born in 1926. He is an American doctor and psychiatrist.
