Rocky Mountain Flowers: An Illustrated Guide for Plant-Lovers and Plant-Users (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Rocky Mountain Flowers: An Illustrated Guide...)
Excerpt from Rocky Mountain Flowers: An Illustrated Guide for Plant-Lovers and Plant-Users
The range of the book is essentially that Of coulter-nelson's Man ual, namely, Colorado, Wyoming, most Of Montana, Northern New Mex ico, Eastern Utah, and Western North and South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas. The layman will find the book useful over a much wider area, since the majority Of the species in color occur from the Canadian Rockies to California or Arizona.
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Minnesota Trees and Shrubs: An Illustrated Manual of the Native and Cultivated Woody Plants of the State
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Plant succession; an analysis of the development of vegetation
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Frederic Edward Clements was an American botanist and pioneer ecologist.
Background
Frederic Edward Clements was born on September 16, 1874 in Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. He was the oldest of three children and only son of Ephraim George Clements by his first wife, Mary Angeline Scoggin. His father, son of an immigrant from Somerset, England, had left Marcellus, his birthplace, to settle in Lincoln, where he maintained a photographer's studio.
Education
Growing up in the prairie province of the Great Plains, Frederic Clements entered the University of Nebraska at the age of sixteen, graduated, B. Sc. , in 1894, and stayed on for graduate study in botany (M. A. 1896, Ph. D. 1898).
Career
At the University of Nebraska, Clements encountered some remarkable young people, including the future author Willa Cather, the future economist Alvin Johnson, and Roscoe Pound, later a renowned legal scholar and dean of the Harvard Law School but at this time a botanist. Present, too, was one of the great American teachers of botany, Charles E. Bessey, who had developed good laboratory instruction and a superb library. Here in 1895 American plant geography began as Pound read Oscar Drude's Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie (1890) and went on to the close collaboration in field work with Clements that produced a classic pioneer study, The Phytogeography of Nebraska (1898). For ten years, beginning in 1897, Clements taught botany at Nebraska, becoming full professor in 1905. He left in 1907 to head the botany department at the University of Minnesota. In 1917 he gave up teaching to become a research associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, working in Tucson, Arizona, until 1925, when he transferred to the Institution's Coastal Laboratory at Santa Barbara, California. Throughout this time his summers were spent at its Alpine Laboratory (which he founded) on Pikes Peak in Colorado. At the time Clements began his career, America had long lagged behind Europe in the science of botany, save for the systematic study of flowering plants. With extraordinary zeal Clements attempted to tackle such diverse fields as the enormous group of fungi and, less propitiously, plant physiology, which was then taking shape under Charles R. Barnes at Chicago. Barnes's scathing review of Clements's small volume Plant Physiology and Ecology (1907) was undoubtedly a cause of lingering and unfair prejudice against Clements among some members of the profession. Added to this handicap was an impression Clements gave of aloofness, even coldness; this stemmed from his rigorous regimen of work and diet, enforced by a long-standing case of diabetes in a day before the discovery of insulin. Only by this means and through the constant devotion and assistance of his wife was Clements able to accomplish his monumental work in ecology. Clements was one of the first, along with Henry C. Cowles at the University of Chicago, to appreciate the scientific importance of ecology--the study of life and environment--at a time when this study was looked on more or less tolerantly as a superficial emphasis on the obvious. He began on his own to master a range of languages, including Polish, although he had only a background of high school Latin. His motive was not only to acquire a key to foreign literature; he was convinced that the nascent field of ecology needed a precise terminology, which he proceeded to coin. This Clementsian system was at first resented, but much of it remains basic. In 1916 appeared his great book Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation, a work of profound scholarship enriched by his years of studying the development of plant communities in the field. Its essential thesis is that plant life has a tendency to occupy any available habitat, beginning with species that can endure the maximum impact of raw physical environment, and gradually moving toward a condition of relative equilibrium through a succession of species made possible as the community exerts increasing control of conditions. This idea was not original with Clements, as he takes pains to show by an impressive analysis of the historical literature. What he did was to formalize the concept, invest it with technical terms and a philosophical sweep, and enrich it with his own fund of field observations. Though supplemented and refined in later studies, Plant Succession remains the fundamental statement of the "Clementsian system. " In 1939 Clements collaborated with Victor E. Shelford, who had applied Cowles's methods of plant community study to animal communities, in writing a book on Bio-ecology to include both types of organisms. This greatly expanded the community concept. Clements had also developed improved methods for vegetation analysis especially suitable to grasslands. In the aftermath of the depression and drought of the 1930's, the severest effects of which were seen in the grassland region, he became a valued consultant in applied ecology as it concerned restoration of Western lands and land use policy in general. By thus including the effects of man on the land Clements helped round out the concept of ecology to apply to all forms of life in their relation to environment. Meanwhile, both ecology and its sister science genetics were much concerned with the problem of variation. Mrs. Clements's doctoral thesis dealt with anatomical changes in leaves caused by environment, and Clements himself was deeply interested in the plasticity of plants under different conditions. This led him to the use of experimental transplants, moving plants into various environments and observing their structural responses. The botanist Stanley A. Cain, though disagreeing with these "Neo-Lamarckian concepts, " hailed Clements as "a great ecologist of profound learning". Other botanists have found fault with aspects of Clements's theory of vegetation, particularly his concept that plant formation (the vegetation of a given area) is itself a living organism subject to growth, maturity, and decay; or what some regarded as his undue stress on climate at the expense of other factors in determining types of vegetation. The great British ecologist A. G. Tansley, himself among the early critics of Clementsian terminology, nonetheless concluded that Clements was "by far the greatest individual creator of the modern science of vegetation. " A distinguished student of African ecology, John Phillips, has attested to the influence of Clements on that continent. In physical appearance Frederic Clements was slender, erect, and active, in speech quick and cogent. Roscoe Pound remembered him as "thoroughly conscientious, possessed of high ideals, and devoutly religious, " though not, apparently, in any formal sense, for he was not a churchgoer. He died in a Santa Barbara hospital at the age of seventy of uremia owing to nephrosclerosis. Following cremation, his ashes were returned to Lincoln, Nebraska, for burial in the family plot.