The Midland Revolt and the Inquisitions of Depopulation of 1607 (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Midland Revolt and the Inquisitions of D...)
Excerpt from The Midland Revolt and the Inquisitions of Depopulation of 1607
A closer examination will Show that inclosures played an appreciable part, as one of the agrarian grievances, only in portions of the revolts of 1536 and I 548 - 9, and even in these it was not the characteristic inclosure of the period, that Of the Open fields, which is most prominent, but the much older and long-continued inclosure of commons, while the rebellions of 1554 and 1569 Show scarcely a trace of agrarian motive.' It was not until 1607 that resentment expressed itself unalloyed with other motives against the depopulating inclosure Of the common fields, in a hitherto inadequately chronicled revolt which swept for a brief period through some of the midland counties.
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Zur Geschichte Der Einhegungen In England ...... (German Edition)
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Zur Geschichte Der Einhegungen In England ...
Edwin Francis Gay
Pierer'sche Hofbuchdruckerei, 1902
History; Europe; Great Britain; History / Europe / Great Britain; Inclosures; Law / Land Use
Profit Sharing: Its Principles And Practice, A Collaboration (1918)
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Profit Sharing, Its Principles and Practice: A Collaboration
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Edwin Francis Gay was an American economist, Professor of Economic History and first Dean of the Harvard Business School.
Background
Gay was born on October 27, 1867 in Detroit, Michigan, the first of three children and only son of Aaron Francis and Mary Lucena (Loud) Gay. Both parents came of New England colonial stock. The mother was a Methodist, the father a Unitarian; Gay ended up in his father's denomination. Mary Gay, the daughter of a clergyman who turned to business in later life, was born in Ohio, but she spent much of her youth in Massachusetts, where her father held pastorates. Aaron Gay, a native of Boston, left an inherited stationery store there to become a partner in a Michigan lumber business established by his wife's father. Shortly after Edwin's birth, the family moved to Au Sable, a small village near the firm's timber tracts north of Detroit.
Education
Because of the meager educational opportunities in Au Sable, Gay and his sisters were sent to Europe for three years of schooling beginning in 1878 - years that accentuated Gay's social aloofness. On their return the family settled in Ann Arbor, where Gay attended the public high school, graduating in 1886, and the University of Michigan. He studied philosophy, English literature, and history and received the A. B. degree in 1890. Having briefly considered becoming a physician, he decided instead on an academic career and went to the University of Berlin for graduate study in medieval history. Gay had planned to complete his doctoral studies in four semesters, but his insatiable intellectual curiosity and continued indecision about his goals stretched his stay to twelve years. During this time he studied at several universities and followed an intensive program of independent reading.
Career
Gay worked under many prominent scholars, including Gustav Schmoller at Berlin, founder of the New German Historical School, under whom he received his Ph. D. , with highest honors, in 1902. His dissertation, on the English enclosure movement, challenged traditional assumptions about the extent and evil consequences of enclosures, and his subsequent article, "Inclosures in England in the Sixteenth Century", was a major revisionist study. The chief weakness of Gay's German training was the lack of rigorous instruction in economic analysis - squeezed out of German universities in his day by historicism - as a result of which he never fully understood the self-regulating functions of a free market economy. Gay began his professional career in 1902 as an instructor in economics at Harvard, rising to the rank of professor and chairman of the department in 1906. President Charles W. Eliot, impressed by Gay's knowledge and administrative ability, relied heavily on his advice in planning Harvard's Graduate School of Business Administration, and appointed him its first dean when the school opened in 1908. Despite a total lack of business experience, Gay formulated a general policy for the school, worked out a budget, planned a curriculum, and assembled an illustrious faculty, which included William M. Cole, Oliver M. W. Sprague, Melvin T. Copeland, and William J. Cunningham. He also initiated the case method of instruction to which the school owed much of its success. World War I drew Gay into government service. In December 1917 he left Harvard to serve as a full-time advisor to the United States Shipping Board, then coping with the critical problem of securing the ship tonnage needed to carry war supplies and American troops to Europe. His first report was so impressive that he was asked to summarize it at a meeting of President Wilson's cabinet in January; within a few months he was appointed a member of the Shipping Board and director of the joint Division of Planning and Statistics of the Shipping and War Trade boards. The statistical data and policy recommendations supplied by Gay for restricting imports and controlling ship utilization were largely responsible for a million additional tons of shipping for war use; they earned him a reputation as one of the "miracle men" of the war. As director of the government's Central Bureau of Planning and Statistics, set up in June 1918, he helped prepare the economic data used by American representatives at the Versailles peace conference. At the conclusion of the war Gay decided not to return to Harvard but instead, in 1919, accepted an offer from Thomas W. Lamont, the new owner of the ailing New York Evening Post, to become the newspaper's editor and president. He had found administration to his liking, and the position offered him the opportunity to help mold public opinion on important national issues like the League of Nations, in which he strongly believed. In 1924 the Post went under, with heavy losses to Gay and many of his friends, and was sold to the Philadelphia publisher Cyrus H. K. Curtis. Disappointed and exhausted, Gay returned that same year to Harvard as professor of economic history; he remained until his retirement in 1936. Gay was an inspiring if exacting teacher, insisting on painstaking research as a preliminary to writing, and he trained many of the ablest economic historians of the postwar years. Partly as a result of the care he devoted to supervising the work of his students, his own scholarly production was meager, amounting to only a few published articles. After his retirement from Harvard, Gay joined the research staff of the Huntington Library in San Marino, California. Although afflicted with diabetes in his later years, he continued to work until the time of his death. Gay died of pneumonia at the Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena at the age of seventy-eight. His body was cremated and the remains buried at Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston.
Achievements
Gay is best remembered as president of the New York Evening Post. During his term, he enlivened the Post's staid format, expanded its news and feature staff, bringing in such able writers as Mark Sullivan and Christopher Morley, and established an influential literary supplement to the Saturday edition, which later evolved into the Saturday Review of Literature.
Throughout his career Gay took an active part in professional and public affairs organizations. Through the American Association for Labor Legislation he had helped secure an improved factory inspection act in Massachusetts in 1912. He was a founder of the National Bureau of Economic Research in 1919 and served as its first president. As the bureau's director of research (1924-1933), he coordinated the writing and assembling of the two-volume study Recent Economic Changes (1929), an important source of information on American social and economic life in the 1920's. Gay served as the first secretary-treasurer of the Council on Foreign Relations (1921-1933) and was chiefly responsible for the establishment of its quarterly journal, Foreign Affairs, in 1922. Although he was more respected among historians than among economists, Gay served as president of the American Economic Association (1929) and as the first president of the Economic History Association (1940).
Connections
On August 24, 1892, Gay married Louise Fitz Randolph, a high school and college classmate. They had two children.
