Florida Contested Election of United States Senator
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Books about Modern History consider the...)
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Letter From the Secretary of War, Communicating in Answer to a Resolution of the Senate of the 6th of January, 1865: Communications From Major General ... to a Recent Attempt to Send Arms and Mun
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Excerpt from Letter From the Secretary of War, Communicating in Answer to a Resolution of the Senate of the 6th of January, 1865: Communications From Major General McDowell, Commanding the Department of the Pacific, in Relation to a Recent Attempt to Send Arms and Munitions of War Out of That Department to Mexico
I h we, in compliance with general orders, seized a large quantity of arms and munitions of war, which were being taken out of the country, nominally to go to Colorado river, but in reality to go to Mexico. They have been ordered for safe keeping to Benicia arsenal. Part of them had been seized in Half Moon bay, after they had eluded the custom-house officers.
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Expedition of Captain Fisk to the Rocky Mountains: Letter From the Secretary of War, in Answer to a Resolution of the House of February 26, ... Rocky Mountains and Idaho (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Expedition of Captain Fisk to the Rocky Moun...)
Excerpt from Expedition of Captain Fisk to the Rocky Mountains: Letter From the Secretary of War, in Answer to a Resolution of the House of February 26, Transmitting Report of Captain Fisk of His Late Expedition to the Rocky Mountains and Idaho
May last to St. Paul, to organize an escort for emigrants from Fort Aber crombie to Fort Benton, and. The mountainous country beyond.
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Florida Contested Election of United States Senator: Argument Before the Select Committee of the U. S. Senate, Thursday, June 10th, 1852 (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Florida Contested Election of United States ...)
Excerpt from Florida Contested Election of United States Senator: Argument Before the Select Committee of the U. S. Senate, Thursday, June 10th, 1852
The Constitution provides that each House shall be the judge of the election, return, and qualification of its members. The conveni ence of deliberative bodies has sanctioned the practice of referring im portant questions to a select number of their body, in whose Wisdom and judgment confidence can be placed. This is now the universal practice in all election cases. The decision of the election committee of the House of Commons is said to be final and conclusive. Although such is not the case here, yet great weight and consideration is justly due to the opinion of a committee so organized.
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War Department. Regulations for the Government of the Bureau of the Provost Marshal General of the United States
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Military history texts discuss the histo...)
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Military history texts discuss the historical record of armed conflict in the history of humanity, its impact on people, societies, and their cultures. Some fundamental subjects of military history study are the causes of war, its social and cultural foundations, military doctrines, logistics, leadership, technology, strategy, and tactics used, and how these have developed over time. Thematic divisions of military history may include: Ancient warfare, Medieval warfare, Gunpowder warfare, Industrial warfare, and Modern warfare.
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Military strategy texts present ideas for military organizations to achieve their desired strategic goals. Military strategy discusses the planning and conduct of campaigns, the movement and disposition of forces, and how to deceive the enemy. Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831), defined military strategy as "the employment of battles to gain the end of war." B. H. Liddell Hart defined strategy as "the art of distributing and applying military means to fulfill the ends of policy", which places more emphasis on political aims relative to military goals. Sun Tzu (544-496 BC) is the father of Eastern military strategy and greatly influenced Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese war tactics. His book The Art of War has been very popular and has seen practical implementation in Western societies.
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Purchase of Products in States in Insurrection: Letter From the Secretary of War, in Answer to Resolution of the House of 22d December Last, Relative ... Declared in Insurrection (Classic Reprint)
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Excerpt from Purchase of Products in States in Insurrection: Letter From the Secretary of War, in Answer to Resolution of the House of 22d December Last, Relative to the Purchase of Products in States Declared in Insurrection
W'hosoever shall relieve the enemy with money, victuals or ammunition, or shall knowingly harbor or protect an enemy, shall suffer death or such other punishment as shall be ordered by the sentence of a court-martial.
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Edwin McMasters Stanton was an American attorney-general and secretary of war. He was known for his work under President Abraham Lincoln, he tirelessly presided over the giant Union military establishment during most of the American Civil War.
Background
Edwin was born on December 19, 1814 in Steubenville, Ohio, United States, and was the eldest of the four children of David and Lucy (Norman) Stanton. His father, a physician of Quaker stock, was descended from Robert Stanton, who came to America between 1627 and 1638, and, after living in New Plymouth, moved to Newport, Rhod Island, before 1645, and from the latter's grandson, Henry, who went to North Carolina between 1721 and 1724. His mother was the daughter of a Virginia planter.
Education
The death of Dr. Stanton in 1827 left his wife in straitened circumstances and Edwin was obliged to withdraw from school and supplement the family income by employment in a local bookstore. He continued his studies in his spare time, however, and in 1831 was admitted to Kenyon College at Gambier, Ohio.
During his junior year his funds gave out and he was again obliged to accept a place in a bookstore, this time in Columbus. Unable to earn enough to return to Kenyon for the completion of his course, he turned to the study of law in the office of his guardian, Daniel L. Collier, and in 1836 was admitted to the bar.
Career
His practice as a lawyer began in Cadiz, the seat of Harrison County, but in 1839 he removed to Steubenville to become a partner of Senator-elect Benjamin Tappan. Stanton's ability, energy, and fidelity to his profession brought him quick recognition and a comfortable income. To give wider range to his talents he moved to Pittsburgh in 1847 and later, in 1856 he became a resident of Washington, in order to devote himself more to cases before the Supreme Court. His work as counsel for the state of Pennsylvania (1849 - 56) against the Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Company gave him a national reputation and resulted in his retention for much important litigation.
He was one of the leading counsel in the noted patent case of McCormick vs. Manny and made a deep impression upon one of his associates, Abraham Lincoln, because of his masterly defense of their client, Manny. Stanton's practice was chiefly in civil and constitutional law, but in 1859 in defending Daniel E. Sickles, charged with murder, he demonstrated that he was no less gifted in handling criminal suits. More important than any of these cases, however, was his work in California in 1858 as special counsel for the United States government in combatting fraudulent claims to lands alleged to have been deeded by Mexico to numerous individuals prior to the Mexican War. It was a task requiring prodigious and painstaking research in the collection of data and the most careful presentation, but Stanton proved equal to the occasion and won for the government a series of notable victories.
It has been estimated that the lands involved were worth $150, 000, 000. His services in this connection were undoubtedly the most distinguished of his legal career.
It was his success in the California land cases, together with the influence of Jeremiah S. Black, that won for him the appointment of attorney-general on December 20, 1860, when Buchanan reorganized his cabinet. Prior to that time Stanton had taken little part in politics and had held only two minor offices, those of prosecuting attorney of Harrison County, Ohio (1837 - 39), and reporter of Ohio supreme court decisions (1842 - 45).
During the early months of Lincoln's presidency, Stanton, now in private life, was utterly distrustful of him and unsparing in his criticism of "the imbecility of this administration". When George B. McClellan took over the control of the operations of the army in 1861, Stanton became his friend and confidential legal adviser and expressed to him his contempt for the President and his cabinet. Oddly enough, soon afterwards he also became legal adviser to Secretary of War Simon Cameron and aided in framing the latter's annual report recommending the arming of slaves.
It was this proposal, offensive to Lincoln, which hastened Cameron's departure from the War Department and inadvertently helped to pave the way for Stanton's succession to the post. Although he had had no personal contacts of any kind with Lincoln since March 4, 1861, Stanton was nominated for the secretaryship, confirmed on January 15, 1862, and five days later entered upon his duties. Various plausible explanations for his selection by Lincoln have been given. Gideon Welles firmly believed that Seward was responsible for it, but Cameron claimed the credit for himself.
At the request of President Johnson, Stanton retained his post after Lincoln's death and ably directed the demobilization of the Union armies. At the same time he entered upon a course with respect to reconstruction and related problems that brought him into serious conflict with the President and several of his colleagues. During the war he appears to have been deferential and ingratiating in his relations with the radical element in Congress, particularly with the powerful congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War, and when peace came he began almost immediately to counsel with leading members of that faction as to the course to be pursued in reconstruction.
Although he expressed approval in cabinet meetings of the President's proclamation of May 29, 1865, initiating a reasonable policy of restoration under executive direction, it was soon suspected by many of Johnson's supporters that Stanton was out of sympathy with the administration and intriguing with the rising opposition. In this they were not mistaken. When Charles Sumner in a speech on September 14, 1865, denounced the presidential policy, insisted on congressional control of reconstruction, and sponsored negro suffrage, Stanton hastened to assure him that he endorsed "every sentiment, every opinion and word of it".
From the summer of 1865 onward, upon nearly every issue he advised a course of action which would have played into the hands of the Radicals and fostered a punitive Southern policy. He urged the acceptance of the Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights bills of 1866, and while he was evasive regarding the report of the Stevens committee on reconstruction, he subsequently expressed approval of the Military Reconstruction bill based upon it which was passed over the President's veto on March 2, 1867.
Stanton actually dictated for Boutwell an amendment to the army appropriation act of 1867 requiring the president to issue his army orders through the secretary of war or the general of the army and making invalid any order issued otherwise.
He was also responsible for the supplementary reconstruction act of July 19, 1867, which exempted military commanders from any obligation to accept the opinions of civil officers of the government as to their rules of action. The one important measure in the rejection of which the Secretary concurred was the Tenure of Office bill which was chiefly intended to ensure his own retention in the War Department.
He aided Seward in drafting the veto message. For more than a year Johnson had been importuned by his supporters to remove Stanton and he repeatedly gave the Secretary to understand "by every mode short of an expressed request that he should resign", but Stanton ignored them and with fatal hesitation the President permitted him to remain. In doing so he virtually gave his opponents a seat in the cabinet.
By the beginning of August 1867, however, Johnson could tolerate his mendacious minister no longer. He had become convinced that the insubordination of General Sheridan and other commanders in the military districts was being encouraged by the Secretary and he was now satisfied that Stanton had plotted against him in the matter of the reconstruction legislation.
Consequently, on August 5, he called for his resignation, but Stanton brazenly declined to yield before Congress reassembled in December, contending that the Tenure of Office bill had become law by its passage over the veto and Johnson was bound to obey it. A week later he was suspended, but in January 1868 he promptly resumed his place when the Senate declined to concur in his suspension. Johnson then resolved to dismiss him regardless of the consequences and did so on February 21, 1868. Stanton with equal determination declared that he would "continue in possession until expelled by force", and was supported by the Senate.
He ordered the arrest of Adjutant-General Lorenzo Thomas, who had been designated secretary ad interim, and had a guard posted to ensure his own occupancy and protect the department records from seizure. For several weeks thereafter he remained in the War Department building day and night, but when the impeachment charges failed (May 26, 1868) he accepted the inevitable and resigned the same day. Over-exertion during his public life, together with internal ailments, had undermined Stanton's health and he found it necessary after leaving the department to undergo a period of rest.
During the fall of 1868 he managed to give some active support to Grant's candidacy and to resume to a limited extent his law practice, but he never regained his former vigor. He was frequently importuned to be a candidate for public office, but steadfastly refused. His friends in Congress, however, prevailed upon Grant to offer him a justiceship on the United States Supreme Court and this he accepted.
His nomination was confirmed on December 20, 1869, but death overtook him before he could occupy his seat.
With the gradual rehabilitation of Andrew Johnson's reputation Stanton's has suffered a sharp decline.
(Brief authority;: Excursions of a common man in an uncomm...)
Religion
Edwin attended Methodist church services and Sunday school regularly. At the age of thirteen, Stanton become a full member of the Methodist church.
Politics
His Democratic political views were rooted in his agreement with then-President Andrew Jackson regarding the Nullification Crisis (to reduce the protective tariffs), a hotly debated issue among the Philomathesians. In 1837, Stanton was elected the prosecutor of Harrison County, on the Democratic ticket.
Jacksonian principles enlisted his sympathies while an undergraduate and he appears to have adhered quite consistently to the Democratic party from that time until his entrance into Lincoln's cabinet in 1862. He favored the Wilmot Proviso, however, and was critical of the domination of the Southern wing of the party during the two decades before 1860.
He supported Breckinridge's candidacy for the presidency in 1860 in the belief that the preservation of the Union hung on the forlorn hope of his election.
Above all Stanton was a thorough-going Unionist. In Buchanan's cabinet he promptly joined with Black and Joseph Holt in opposition to the abandonment of Fort Sumter and was zealous in the pursuit of persons whom he believed to be plotting against the government. Since he was of an excitable and suspicious temperament, his mind was full of forebodings of insurrection and assassination, and, while he hated the "Black Republicans, " he collogued with Seward, Sumner, and others in order that they might be apprised of the dangers he apprehended to be afoot.
Views
Like his forebears he disapproved of the institution of slavery, but he accepted the Dred Scott decision without question and contended that all laws constitutionally enacted for the protection of slavery should be rigidly enforced.
Membership
He was prominently involved in the college's Philomathesian Literary Society.
Personality
In appearance Stanton was thick-set and of medium height; a strong, heavy neck supported a massive head thatched with long, black, curling hair. His nose and eyes were large, his mouth was wide and stern. A luxuriant crop of coarse black whiskers concealed his jaws and chin. Altogether he was a rather fierce looking man; there was point to Montgomery Blair's characterization, the "black terrier. "
Connections
Stanton was twice married. Mary Ann Lamson of Columbus, Ohio, with whom he was united on December 31, 1836, died in 1844.
On June 25, 1856, he married Ellen M. Hutchison, the daughter of a wealthy merchant of Pittsburgh. Two children were born of the first union; four of the second.
His biographers assure us that in his family life Stanton was a model husband and father, and for his mother, who survived him, he appears to have cherished a lifelong filial devotion.