Background
Guillaume Thomas François Raynal was born at Saint-Geniez, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France on April 12, 1713.
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This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
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Guillaume Thomas François Raynal was born at Saint-Geniez, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France on April 12, 1713.
He was educated at the Jesuit school of Pezenas, and received priest's orders, but he was dismissed for unexplained reasons from the parish of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, to which he was attached, and thenceforward be devoted himself to society and literature.
e established himself as a writer with two historical works, one on the Netherlands (1747) and the other on the English Parliament (1748), both of them hackwork but popular and widely read. From 1750 to 1754 he edited the government-supported literary periodical Mercure de France, winning literary respectability and a place in society.
Raynal’s most important work was the Histoire des deux Indes (History of the East and West Indies), a six-volume history of the European colonies in India and America. The first edition appeared in 1770, followed by several expanded versions. It denounced European cruelty to colonial peoples, which it blamed on religious intolerance and arbitrary authority. The philosopher and encyclopaedist Denis Diderot is credited with writing many of the better passages, as well as the more radical historical interpretations. The work was extremely popular, going through 30 editions between 1772 and 1789, its radical tone becoming more pronounced in the later editions.
In 1774 the History was placed on the Roman Catholic Church’s Index of Forbidden Books, and in 1781 the authorities ordered Raynal into exile and decreed that his history be burned. He was allowed to return to France, but not to Paris, in 1784. His banishment from Paris was finally rescinded in 1790.
Although he had been elected to the Estates-General in 1789, Raynal, from the early days of the Revolution, refused to serve, because he opposed violence. He later even renounced radicalism and prepared a message that was read to the National Assembly (successor to the Estates-General) in May 1791, calling for a constitutional monarchy modeled on the English system. His property was later confiscated by the National Assembly, and he died in poverty.
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
Institute of France
