Background
Gustav Schmoller was born on June 24, 1838 in Heilbronn, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. He was from a family of civil servants and continued in that tradition.
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(Schmoller's primarily inductive approach, requesting care...)
Schmoller's primarily inductive approach, requesting careful study, comparative in time and space, of economic performance and phenomena generally, his focus on the evolution of economic processes and institutions, and his insistence on the cultural specificity of economics and the centrality of values in shaping economic exchanges stand in stark contrast to some classical and most neoclassical economists, so that he and his school fell out of the mainstream of economics by the 1930s, being replaced in Germany by the successor Freiburg school. However, it is often overlooked that Schmoller's primary preoccupation in his lifetime was not with economic method but with economic and social policy to address the challenges posed by rapid industrialization and urbanization. That is, Schmoller was first and foremost a social reformer. As such, Schmoller's influence extended throughout Europe, to the Progressive movement in the United States, and to social reformers in Meiji Japan. His most prominent non-German students and followers included William J. Ashley, W.E.B. Du Bois, Richard T. Ely, Noburu Kanai, Albion W. Small, and E.R.A. Seligman.
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Gustav Schmoller was born on June 24, 1838 in Heilbronn, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. He was from a family of civil servants and continued in that tradition.
His studies in civic administration at the University of Tubingen included public finance, statistics, economics, administration, history, and sociology.
He served as professor of civic administration at the universities of Halle (1864 - 1872), Strassburg (1872 - 1882), and Berlin (1882 - 1913). He also worked at the academies in Berlin, Munich, St. Petersburg, Copenhagen, Vienna, and Rome.
In the early 1860's Schmoller defended the commercial treaty between France and the German Customs Union, negotiated with Prussian leadership. This defense curtailed his career in Wurttemberg but gained favor for him with Prussian authorities, and he was appointed official historian of Brandenburg and Prussia in 1887. He became a member of the Prussian state council in 1884 and representative of the University of Berlin in the Prussian upper house in 1889.
He died at Bad Harzburg on June 27, 1917.
Schmoller was the founder and leader of the Association of German Academic Economists. He was also editor of several publications series, one of which was later known as Schmoller's Yearbook (from 1881).
Gustav Friedrich von Schmoller broadened the study of economics by insisting that it be studied dynamically in the context of history and sociology. He established the Association of German Academic Economists.
(Schmoller's primarily inductive approach, requesting care...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
(This book was digitized and reprinted from the collection...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
In political activities Schmoller was a royalist, favored strong government, and had high regard for the Prussian civil service. He was a conservative social reformer who wanted to improve working-class conditions by means of better education, government regulations, cooperatives, and other reforms.
Schmoller rejected the study of economics in a narrow analytical view and favoured to place it in the context of the other social sciences. Opposing a theoretical approach, he preferred to include in economics relevant aspects of history, statistics, sociology, social psychology, social anthropology, geography, and even ethics and philosophy. He was eclectic in assembling these aspects into a panorama of the social sciences.
One of the first great organizers of research in the social sciences, he dominated for several decades the development of economics and of related social sciences. During this time hardly a chair of economics in German universities was filled without his approval.
He was challenged as superficial by theoretical economist Carl Menger of Vienna in an 1883 pamphlet, by historian Georg von Below in 1904, and by others. Modern critics view Schmoller's long dominance of German social scientists as unfortunate because its effect was to retard development of economic theory in Germany. Outside Germany his influence in economics was small, although he did influence American institutional economics.
