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John was born on September 3, 1793 in Freehold, New Jersey, United States. He was a descendant of Thomas Scudder who settled in Salem, Massachussets, in 1635. His father, Joseph Scudder, was a lawyer, and his mother, Maria Johnston, was a daughter of Colonel Philip Johnston of the 16t New Jersey Regiment, who was killed at the battle of Long Island.
John Scudder graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1811, from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1813.
In 1813 Scudder began practice in New York. His success in his profession was immediate and he seemed to be on the way to an extensive and lucrative practice when the chance reading of a tract entitled The Conversion of the World; or, The Claims of Six Hundred Millions turned him irresistibly toward the mission field.
He accepted an appointment from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and sailed from Boston for India, June 8, 1819, as its first medical missionary to that country; his wife, who was in warm sympathy with his purpose, accompanied him. They were stationed at Jaffna, the northern province of Ceylon, where they soon acquired the Tamil language and Mrs. Scudder engaged in school work, while her husband began his life employment of preaching and healing.
A member of the Reformed Dutch Church, he was ordained by a council of missionaries, May 15, 1821. A hospital was opened, boarding and day schools were established, and Scudder began the training of native medical students. With him, however, medical work was always subordinate to the great end of evangelization.
In 1836 he was transferred to Madras, where a mission station with a printing press was established. From here as a center he began making extensive tours, often being absent for several months, and once crossing the entire peninsula of India, preaching, healing, and distributing literature. Worn by hardships and the fierce opposition which he encountered, reduced by jungle fever and with one arm paralyzed, he was ordered to America in 1842.
His health being greatly benefitted by the voyage, he spent three active years in promoting the cause of missions. Through his influence missionary societies were everywhere organized, and he developed an especial facility in addressing children. While in the United States he attended the ordination of his son, Henry Martyn Scudder, who immediately embarked as a missionary to India.
Returning to India in 1846, Scudder resumed work in Madura but in 1849 removed to Madras, where in connection with his son he began an extensive work which he continued till 1854, when because of declining health he made a voyage to South Africa. Being somewhat recovered, he resumed preaching, but died suddenly at Wynberg early in 1855. His son Joseph, who had accompanied him, took his body back to Madras, where it was buried beside that of his wife who had died in November 1849.
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John Scudder was known as a young man of integrity and eminent Christian character.
In person he was tall and strong, with an iron will and indomitable courage. On one occasion he lanced a cancer from his own foot without assistance of any kind. He always preached twice a day and often stood in the burning sun for eleven consecutive hours, preaching, and distributing literature.
In 1813 Scudder married Harriet Waterbury. Of his fourteen children, eight sons and two daughters lived to maturity. Seven of the sons became missionaries and one died while in preparation for the work.
