Background
Ludwig was born at Witzenhausen, near Kassel.
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Ludwig was born at Witzenhausen, near Kassel.
He was educated at the universities of Erlangen and Marburg and received his doctorate from Marburg in 1839.
He was appointed lecturer in physiology at Marburg in 1842 and associate professor of comparative anatomy in 1845.
With his friends H. von Helmholtz, E. W. Briicke and E. Du Bois- Reymond, whom he met for the first time in Berlin in 1847, he rejected the assumption that the phenomena of living animals depend on special biological laws and vital forces different from those which operate in the domain of inorganic nature; and he sought to explain them by reference to the same laws as are applicable in the case of physical and chemical phenomena.
He demonstrated the existence of a new class of secretory nerves that control this action, and by showing that if the nerves are appropriately stimulated the salivary glands continue to secrete, even though the animal be decapitated, he initiated the method of experimenting with excised organs.
In 1855 Ludwig left Zurich to take a chair of physiology and zoology in Vienna.
Here he continued his studies of the blood and the way in which the nervous system controlled its circulation.
For the purpose of his researches on the gases in the blood, he designed the mercurial blood-pump which in various modifications has come into extensive use, and by its aid he made many investigations on the gases of the lymph, the gaseous interchanges in living muscle, the significance of oxidized material in the blood, &c.
There is indeed scarcely any branch of physiology, except the physiology of the senses, to which he did not make important contributions.
Thus his pupils gained a practical acquaintance with his methods and ways of thought, and, coming from all parts of Europe, they returned to their own countries to spread and extend his doctrines.
Possessed himself of extraordinary manipulative skill, he abhorred rough and clumsy work, and he insisted that experiments on animals should be planned and prepared with the utmost care, not only to avoid the infliction of pain (which was also guarded against by the use of an anaesthetic), but to ensure that the deductions drawn from them should have their full scientific value.
In 1865 Ludwig accepted a chair in physiology at the University of Leipzig.
It was Ludwig's custom to allow his students to publish under their own names work to which he had made substantial contributions.
Frequently he not only designed the experimental procedure but also did much of the laboratory work and wrote the final draft of the paper.
Further Reading There is no full-scale biography of Ludwig readily available in English.
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His point of view was expressed in his celebrated Text-book of Human Physiology (1852 - 1856), but it is as evident in his earliest paper (1842) on the process of urinary secretion as in all his subsequent work.
Ludwig's contributions to science were acknowledged when he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1875.