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He was born on July 31, 1859 in Albany, New York, United States, the son of Philip and Theresa (Kexel) Smith. His father was a German immigrant, who had arrived in the United States shortly before 1850, and was of a family that lived near Limburg on the Lahn. After reaching America he changed the spelling of his name from Schmidt to Smith. He was a tailor by trade.
Theobald attended the public schools of Albany and his mother taught him music, which later was his favorite means of relaxation. At Cornell University, where he made a brilliant record, he paid his expenses in part by playing the chapel organ. He was graduated with the degree of Ph. B. in 1881, having during his course spent a semester at Johns Hopkins. He received the degree of M. D. from the Albany Medical College in 1883, and thereafter did graduate work in biology at Johns Hopkins, the University of Toronto, and Cornell.
Upon recommendation of Prof. Simon H. Gage of Cornell to Daniel E. Salmon, head of the Bureau of Animal Industry in the Department of Agriculture at Washington, Smith was appointed director of the newly organized pathological laboratory in 1884. From 1886 to 1895 he held the position of professor at department of bacteriology in Columbian (now George Washington) University.
He joined Dr. Salmon in his studies on the diseases of hogs. From a chaotic mass of information they demonstrated that the great mortality of pigs was due mainly to swine plague, a respiratory disease, and hog cholera, a disease of the digestive tract. Their conclusions appear in Special Report on the Cause and Prevention of Swine Plague (1891). In 1884 Smith published the results of studies upon the recently discovered bacillus of tuberculosis, and some years later he announced the differentiation of the human and bovine types of the bacillus. His findings were, in their far-reaching results, of secondary importance only to the discovery of the germ itself. They are set forth in "A Comparative Study of Bovine Tubercle Bacilli and of Human Bacilli from Sputum" and "The Relation between Bovine and Human Tuberculosis".
With his associates of the laboratory Smith began in 1884 his studies upon Texas fever of cattle. The details of this great work with its results were not ready for publication until 1893. The appearance of Investigations into the Nature, Causation, and Prevention of Texas or Southern Cattle Fever was a notable event in medical history, for it showed for the first time how parasites may act as vectors of disease from animal to animal. Prepared in collaboration with Dr. F. L. Kilborne, it revealed the transmission of the protozoan parasite Babesia bigemina by the cattle tick Boophilus annulatus. In the course of his studies he noted that animals become hypersensitive to bacterial infections under certain circumstances. This reaction became known as the "Theobald Smith phenomenon, " the first recorded observation of allergy.
In 1895 he accepted appointment as director of the pathological laboratory of the Massachusetts Board of Health in Boston, where he served for twenty years. He did notable work on smallpox vaccine and on antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus. During this period he held the chair of applied zoology, 1895-96, and that of comparative pathology, 1896-1915, in the Harvard Medical School. In 1911-12 he was exchange professor from Harvard to the University of Berlin. He became director of the department of animal pathology of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, at Princeton, and held this post until 1929, when he was made director emeritus.
Following his studies on Texas fever, he showed that the disease of turkeys called "blackhead" was due to a protozoan transmitted by an intestinal worm parasite, and published with V. A. Moore Investigations Concerning Infectious Diseases among Poultry (1895). He made the earliest reports of coccidiosis in cattle - "Coccidiosis in Young Calves". His work in the broad field of immunology, embracing both human and animal diseases, covers a span of fifty years. There was no time when this work did not involve some phase of public health.
He was a member of the board of trustees of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and he was a director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research from 1901, vice-president, 1924-33, and in the latter year succeeded Dr. W. H. Welch as president.
Smith died of heart failure during anesthesia incident to an operation for carcinoma of the intestine.
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Among the more important of the many societies in which he held membership were the National Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, National Tuberculosis Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons.
Personally he was a simple, companionable man, and every associate was his friend.
On May 17, 1888, at Washington, he was married to Lilian Hillyer Egleston of that city. They had two daughters and a son - Dorothea Egleston, Lilian Hillyer, and Philip Hillyer Smith.
