(Excerpt from The Production of Diphtheria Toxin The bodi...)
Excerpt from The Production of Diphtheria Toxin The bodies of the diphtheria bacilli did not at any time contain toxin in considerable amounts. The type of growth of the bacilli and the rapidity and extent of the production of toxin depended more on the reaction of the bouillon than upon any other single factor. The best results were obtained in bouillon which, after being neutralized to litmus, had about seven cubic centimetres of normal soda solution added to each litre. An excessive amount of either acid or alkali prevented the development of toxin. Strong toxin was produced in bouillon containing peptone rang ing from one to ten per cent. The strength of toxin averaged greater in the two and four-percent peptone solutions than in the one-per cent. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Diphtheria and Allied Pseudo-Membranous Infl...)
Excerpt from Diphtheria and Allied Pseudo-Membranous Inflammations: A Clinical and Bacteriological Study Pseudomembranes, paralysis, and organic lesions can be produced in inoculated animals, similar to those found in human diphtheria. A toxine is produced by the bacilli which, when isolated and inoculated, produces the same results, with the exception of the pseudo-membrane, as the pure cultures. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Public Health and Hygiene: In Contributions ...)
Excerpt from Public Health and Hygiene: In Contributions by Eminent Authorities The writers Of this book, holding the above opinions, believed that there was need Of a volume in which the most important phases Of hygiene in relation to public health would be presented in a practical way by specialists actually devoting themselves to the subjects treated bv them. The writers have kept in mind that the book is intended for public health Officials, physicians and medical students, and each has therefore tried to make his section as practical as possible and to utilize oto the full his own personal experience. For this reason it has been impractical in most instances to give credit for the original sources of information embodied in the articles. No attempt has been made in this volume to treat the subjects of public health law and administration as these do not fall Within its scope. Other subjects more or less related to public health have been omitted because of the necessity of drawing the line somewhere in order not to increase too greatly the size of the book. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Bacteriology Medicine and Surger: A Practica...)
Excerpt from Bacteriology Medicine and Surger: A Practical Manual, Physicians, Health Officers and Students But before entering into a detailed consideration of the subject, it may be interesting and instructive to review briefly the most important steps which led up to the development of the science, and upon which its foundation rests, in which we shall see that the vast results obtained by bacteriology were gained only through long and laborious research, and after many obstacles were met and overcome by indomitable per severance and accurate observation and experiment. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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public health official bacteriologist
William Hallock Park was born on December 30, 1863 in Manhattan, New York, United States. He was the youngest of four children of Rufus Park, a successful wholesale grocer, and the only child by his third wife, Harriet Joanna (Hallock) Park. On his father's side he was descended from Robert Parke, who came to America in 1630, in the direct line of his mother's ancestry was Elder William Brewster of Plymouth.
William Hallock Park received his elementary and secondary education in New York schools, his A. B. from the College of the City of New York in 1883, where he was influenced toward a scientific career by Prof. Robert O. Doremus, and his Doctor of Medicine from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, affiliated with Columbia College, in 1886. After an internship at Roosevelt Hospital (1886 - 1889), he spent a year in Europe, chiefly at the University of Vienna, where he pursued his interest in diseases of the nose and throat. He had degrees from Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario), New York University, Yale, and Columbia.
Upon his return from Europe in 1890 Park began practice as a nose and throat specialist in New York, at the same time seeking out his former teacher, T. Mitchell Prudden, for advice on his future course in medicine. Prudden, a pioneer in the teaching of medical bacteriology, had recently been appointed consulting bacteriologist of the New York City Board of Health, and he suggested that Park should work in his laboratory on the bacteriological problem of diphtheria. At that time bacteriology had just emerged from its infancy, and although the fundamental principles were firmly established, knowledge in many areas was still scanty. The German pathologist Edwin Klebs had reported in 1883 that in the case of diphtheria the disease was caused by a bacillus, and in the following year this finding had been confirmed and extended in an exhaustive study by Friedrich Loeffler, an assistant to the famous German bacteriologist Robert Koch.
Prudden's work, however, suggested that diphtheria was caused not by a bacillus but by a streptococcus. For the next two years Park, although still in practice, worked diligently on the diphtheria problem. The results of his study, published in the Medical Record of July 30 and August 6, 1892, confirmed the etiological role of the Klebs-Löffler bacillus and then drew certain practical conclusions. In all cases where the diagnosis was in doubt, Park urged bacteriological examination. As early detection was important for therapy, he proposed that the health authorities set up laboratories for this purpose. This characteristic concern for the improvement of public health by applying bacteriological methods and knowledge distinguished Park from most other scientists of the generation which founded modern bacteriology in the United States.
Park's work on diphtheria impressed Dr. Hermann M. Biggs, then the head of the division of pathology, bacteriology, and disinfection in the New York City Board of Health, and on his recommendation Park was in 1893 placed in charge of diphtheria work in the Board's diagnostic laboratory, which had been established in the preceding year, the first municipally operated laboratory in the United States. In 1895 separate research laboratories were set up under Park's direct supervision, and a group of bacteriologists was soon at work, to each of whom Park and Biggs assigned a particular disease or problem. Continuing his own work on diphtheria in his new post, Park, with his assistant Alfred L. Beebe, carried out a series of investigations which by 1895 had definitely established the role of the carrier in diphtheria, including not only the convalescent carrier but even the well members of a household containing diphtheria, this last an important piece of knowledge for the control of the disease.
Meanwhile, in 1894, the French bacteriologist Pierre Paul Émile Roux had given his dramatic report on the use of diphtheria antitoxin, and Biggs, in Europe at the time, had cabled the news to Park and directed him to start its production in New York. During that fall Park and his assistant Anna W. Williams developed a more potent antitoxin, and by the fall of 1895 the serum was offered without charge to any physician in the city for patients unable to pay for it. It neutralized diphtheria in those who had the disease and gave immunity to others for two weeks. Diphtheria could now be diagnosed and treated with a high degree of effectiveness. The next important advance was to be made in its prevention and control. Though Park had worked on the problem of active immunization before 1913, two developments of that year stirred him to renewed effort: the discovery by the Viennese physician Bela Schick of a simple test for immunity to diphtheria and the announcement by the German physician Emil Adolf von Behring that diphtheria toxin neutralized by antitoxin could be safely used to establish lasting immunity. Park at once began applying the new discoveries.
By 1920 he was ready to undertake a large-scale program of active immunization of the school children of New York City. His program was widely followed, first in the United States and then abroad. Aided by an effective educational campaign, this mass immunization had by 1940 virtually eliminated diphtheria as a cause of death. Park's diphtheria work was his major contribution to public health, but his investigations extended to many other infectious diseases, among them poliomyelitis, meningitis, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, and pneumonia. As early as 1900 he became interested in milk sanitation, on which he soon became a leading authority. His reports on bacterial contamination of milk led to rules for its inspection by the Health Department and eventually (1914) to compulsory pasteurization. These steps virtually eliminated infant diarrhea as a cause of death. From 1910 until his retirement in 1936 Park was director of the bureau of laboratories of the New York City Health Department.
Despite his varied research and administrative duties, Park was also active as a teacher and author. In 1895 he was appointed instructor in contagious diseases at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, a position he held until 1897, when he was promoted to adjunct professor of bacteriology and hygiene. In 1900 he was made professor of bacteriology and head of a separate department of bacteriology at the then University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College (later the New York University College of Medicine), and he remained on its faculty until 1937, after 1933 as Hermann M. Biggs Professor of Preventive Medicine.
Park's first book, Bacteriology in Medicine and Surgery: A Practical Manual for Physicians, Health Officers, and Students, written in collaboration with A. R. Guerard, appeared in 1899. Retitled Pathogenic Micro-organisms in later editions (with Anna W. Williams and Charles Krumwiede, Jr. , as co-authors), this became one of the world's authoritative texts on the subject; an eleventh edition appeared in 1939, just a few months after Park's death. In 1920 he edited and contributed to a volume entitled Public Health and Hygiene. With Anna W. Williams he also wrote Who's Who Among the Microbes (1929).
He succumbed to a heart attack in his New York home on April 6, 1939 and was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.
(Excerpt from Bacteriology Medicine and Surger: A Practica...)
(Excerpt from Public Health and Hygiene: In Contributions ...)
(Excerpt from Diphtheria and Allied Pseudo-Membranous Infl...)
(Excerpt from The Production of Diphtheria Toxin The bodi...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
William Hallock Park was a president of the Society of American Bacteriologists (1912), of the Society for Experimental Pathology (1920), and of the American Public Health Association (1923), and vice-president of the New York Academy of Medicine (1928).
As a man, William Hallock Park possessed to a high degree the qualities of patience, modesty, gentleness, sympathy, and tolerance. His never-failing desire to help others endeared him to all who worked with him.
