Background
IOFFE, Adol’f was born in 1883 in Simferopol’.
IOFFE, Adol’f was born in 1883 in Simferopol’.
1903 completed high-school. Studied at Medical Faculty, Berlin University and Law Faculty, Zurich University.
1899 connected with and did commissions for Social-Democrat organisation. 1902 joined Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party and worked for Propagandists and Agitators Board, Simferopol’ Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party Organisation 1903 went to Berlin and enrolled at Medical Faculty.
1904 Party Central Committee sent him to Baku to smuggle illegal propaganda literature Failed in this Baku commission and in subsequent work in Moscow. Left for Berlin, but soon returned to Russia.
Party work in Crimea: Simferopol’, Sebastopol, Yalta and Yevpatoriya. Reprisals by Tsarist authorities impelled him to return to Berlin. 1906, after Stockholm Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party Congress, joined Foreign Bureau, Central Committee, Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party.
Spring 1907 deported from Germany as an ’’undesirable alien”. Returned to Crimea and co-opted to Crimean Oblast Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party Committee. After this organisation was crushed, moved to Moscow and to Baltic.
Again emigrated to Zurich, where he worked for Swiss Socialist Party and for local groups supporting Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party. 1908 joined Trotsky's "Vienna Club” group and helped edit Viennese Pravda: 1910 toured Russian organizations on behalf of Pravda: helped found anti-Bolshevik "August Bloc”. 1910 signed appeal for a conference of all anti-Bolshevik organizations and was a member of the organisation commission to convene such a conference.
1912 Party work for Pravda in Russia. 1912 arrested by Tsarist authorities and exiled for 4 years to Tobol’sk Province, followed by settlement for life in Siberia. After 1917 February Revol went to Pctrograd and became a member, Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers’ Deputy.
Then returned to Crimea. Delegation, Congress of United Social—Democrats (Mensheviks), but walked out of the congress and wrote pamphlet ’’The Collapse of Menshcvism”. 1917 at 6th Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party Congress admitted to Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks) along with the mezhrayontsy (organisation of revol internationalists) and elected member, Central Committee, Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks).
Member, Pctrograd City Duma and member, first All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Bolshevik dcleg for Pskov in Constituent Assembly. Bolshevik Presidium member, Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Peasants’ Deputy.
Active in 1917 October Revol as member, Petrograd Military Revol Committee. After October Revol went to Dvinsk Front. 1918 chairman, Soviet deleg at armistice and peace talks with Germany, AustroHungary, Bulgaria and Turkey.
1918 "Leftist Communist”. Opposed signing of Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty. Presidium member, Petrograd Soviet.
Member, Council of Northern Commune. Member, Central Committee, Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks). People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, then People's Commissar of Social Security.
1918 at 7th Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Congress elected candidate member, Central Committee, Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). April-November 1918 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic plenipotentiary in Germany. Then Party work in Ukraine.
After Petlyura captured Kiev, he retreated with the army to Chernigov as a member, Ukraine Defense Council. Member, Petrograd Civil Defense Council during Yudcnich’s march on Petrograd. 1919-1921 headed Workers and Peasants’ Inspection in Petrograd.
Member, Soviet deleg at peace talks with Est, Lith, Latin and Poland. Signed peace treaty with Established 1922 member, Soviet deleg at Genua Conference.
1922 appointed Soviet plenipotentiary in China. Simultaneously conducted negotiations with Japan. Sustained nervous breakdown and sent to Vienna for cure.
1924 member, Soviet deleg to United Kingdom and remained in London as Soviet deputy plenipotentiary in United Kingdom. Then Soviet plenipotentiary in Austria. From March 1925 Presidium member, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic State Planning Committee and deputy chairman.
Main Concessions Committee. From 1925 sided with Trotskyists.
Religion in its origin doesn't give equal treatment to women and thus offends basic human rights.
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union is the leading and guiding force of Soviet society, and the nucleus of its political system, of all state and public organizations.
Communist Party member from 1903.