(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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(Excerpt from Report on the Gas Nuisance in New York, 1870...)
Excerpt from Report on the Gas Nuisance in New York, 1870 The premises hereinafter named having been, and being in the opinion of said Board, and in fact, in a condition and in effect dangerous to life and health; and said Board hav ing taken and filed among its records what it regards as being, and what is sufficient proof to authorize its declaration, that the same is a public nuisance, and dangerous to life and health; said Board does hereby enter the same on its records as a nuisance, and makes, in respect thereto, the following order, to wit: Ordered, That the business of manufacturing (conducted by the Metropolitan Gas Com pany), at Foot of West Forty-second Street, be discontinued, except it be conducted by a process of manufacture that will not allow any deleterious gases or odors detrimental to health to escape into external air, and directs this order to be served as said law requires, and that, in case this order is not executed by the proper persons, the same be executed by the Board of Metropolitan Police; but that its execution be not commenced by the said Board of Metropolitan Police until the further order of this Board, of which further order no notice will be given to the parties interested. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
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(This reproduction was printed from a digital file created...)
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Charles Frederick Chandler was born on December 6, 1836 in Lancaster, Massachusetts, United States in the house of his grandfather, and his boyhood was spent with his parents, Charles and Sarah (Whitney) Chandler, at New Bedford, Massachussets, where his father owned and conducted a dry-goods store.
A few lectures by Louis Agassiz that he heard as a boy aroused his scientific curiosity, and at the age of sixteen he was a student of chemistry at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University. As a youth he had been diligent in making chemical experiments and in collecting minerals, and when in 1855, acting on the advice of Charles A. Joy, professor of chemistry at Union College, he sailed for Europe to study under Woehler at Gettingen, he took his collection with him, having learned that it would be likely to interest Woehler. This Yankee shrewdness, together with Chandler's earnestness and personal attractiveness, soon won for him the favor of being made Woehler's private assistant for the semester. He then went to Berlin to study analytical chemistry under Heinrich Rose, whose private assistant he became, while also studying mineralogy under Gustav Rose. Later he returned to Gettingen where he obtained his doctorate.
Coming home, he first sought consulting practise in New Bedford among the whale-oil merchants, but could not make a living at it. He offered an article to the Scientific American on the preparation and use for lamps of mineral oil obtained from shale in Scotland, but it was rejected on the ground that the use of mineral oil in lamps was too fantastic a notion for publication. He then heard that Prof. Joy needed an assistant at Union College, and he made the journey thither to apply for the post in person, only to learn that, while Prof. Joy did need an assistant the trustees had decided to secure a janitor instead. So Chandler accepted the position of janitor at a wage of $400 a year, swept and cleaned the laboratory before and after hours, and meanwhile acted as Prof. Joy's assistant during the day. As a side issue, the janitor taught mineralogy. Soon fortune rewarded him. Prof. Joy was called to Columbia College, and the twenty-year-old janitor became full professor of chemistry. Chandler had a tiger's appetite for work. He taught chemistry (including assaying), geology, and mineralogy; he made an outstanding collection of minerals; and for eight years he did important consulting work in regard to water supplies and other subjects at Schenectady. In 1864 he was invited by Prof. Egleston, theretofore a mining engineer, to join him in establishing a school of mines at Columbia. Professors were to get their living from tuition fees, and $3, 000 had been raised to equip the laboratories. This, in 1864, was the beginning of the Columbia School of Mines, of which Chandler was dean for many years. On Prof. Joy's death he took over his work for the College, remaining at the head of the department of chemistry at Columbia after it became a university, until his retirement in 1910. Few teachers have exercised so great an influence on so many students. They were like sons to him, he was jealous for their welfare, was always available for advice and help, and constantly took the position that to study chemistry was easy and intensely interesting rather than hard or dull. He worked day and night with extraordinary intensity, and yet never seemed hurried. And he regarded physical science as the grandest sport of his day. At the time of his retirement grateful alumni established in his honor the Chandler Lectureship and the Chandler medal for research in chemistry. Chandler's work at Columbia, however, was only a small part of his total achievement. The New York College of Pharmacy, then a struggling little school, had no one to teach chemistry, and no money to pay for it. Chandler gave the lectures and laboratory instruction at nights, free, until the school grew and could pay. Later he became president of the College of Pharmacy which was eventually taken over by Columbia. In 1866 he had an income of $1, 500 a year and he needed more. Without giving up any of his teaching, paid or unpaid, he engaged with Booth & Edgar, sugar refiners, to do their chemical work and conduct research as to improvement in their methods. This he did from 6 to 8 a. m. daily in a laboratory in the refinery at King and West Sts. , some four or five miles distant from Columbia. Thus he doubled his income to $3, 000 a year. In 1872 the College of Physicians and Surgeons invited him to become adjunct professor of chemistry. Soon he was made full professor of chemistry and also professor of medical jurisprudence. He became a leading authority on water supplies, sanitation, oil refining, and assaying. The system of assay weights now in general use, whereby the amount of metal in a ton of ore is easily and quickly computed in grams or ounces, was worked out by him in 1866. In 1866 members of the Board had asked him to make scientific studies of their sanitary problems. They had no appropriation for the purpose, but that did not deter the young professor, who was then but twenty-nine years of age, working from six to eight every morning in the laboratory of a sugar refinery, struggling all day to build up the School of Mines, and lecturing and teaching several nights a week without pay at the College of Pharmacy. In time a modest honorarium was appropriated by the city for his services, and in 1873 he was appointed to the presidency of the Board by Mayor Havemeyer, the appointment being renewed for a term of six years more by Mayor Ely in 1877. Chandler immediately addressed himself to the food and water supplies of the city, the adulteration of liquors, poisonous cosmetics, and gas nuisances. The water was good, foods were fair, adulteration of liquors less than anticipated, but poisonous cosmetics, kerosene accidents, and gas nuisances were common. Milk he found generally adulterated with one-third water after some of the cream had been removed. He established flash-point tests for kerosene and reduced lamp explosions in such a marked degree that he was invited to appear before the House of Lords to enlighten the British government on the subject. His was against milk adulteration and his subsequent control of the supply was probably the hardest battle of his life, but he succeeded and became a pioneer in municipal milk control. He fought the gas companies and made them put a stop to their nuisances. Another battle against offenses was with slaughterhouses and rendering establishments, and still other difficult undertakings were the control of contagious diseases and the establishment of compulsory vaccination. He reduced the child death rate so as to save 5, 000 young lives annually. Plumbing was crude and very defective. He designed the flush closet now in general use and made no attempt to patent the idea, giving it to the plumbing trade in the hope of more healthful homes. He was, as Elihu Root said, "one of the most effective crusaders of his time in behalf of the public good. " Eminent as a sanitarian, he was equally eminent as an industrial chemist.
He served the United States government on many commissions, but his outstanding public service was to New York City as president of its Board of Health. In 1920 the Perkin Medal of the Society of Chemical Industries was conferred on him because he had made "such valuable contributions to applied chemistry" as to place the entire world in his debt.
(Excerpt from Report on the Gas Nuisance in New York, 1870...)
(This reproduction was printed from a digital file created...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
Chandler was married twice. His only child, the first wife of the present Viscount Exmouth, died before him.
