Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia
Gi...)
Excerpt from Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia
Ginkgo, being distinct from typical centrosomes in their main func tion, namely, that of forming the motile cilia of the spermatozoid, were here named blepharoplasts.
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Sooty Mold of the Orange and Its Treatment (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Sooty Mold of the Orange and Its Treatment
...)
Excerpt from Sooty Mold of the Orange and Its Treatment
As nearly as can be determined, the fungus is entirely superficial on the leaf and is easily removed. Frequently the fungous membrane becomes detached at some point and is caught by the wind and torn off. These detached fragments are found scattered about in badly affected groves. By drying and stretching, the fungous membrane becomes partially detached and adheres only to the edges of the leaf, which are usually Slightly rolled up, thus holding the membrane suspended over the face of the leaf. In this condition it is easily dislodged. Occasion ally small knob-like projections occur on the cells Of the mycelium, but no proof has been found that these penetrate the tissue of the leaf or in any way act as haustoria. Apparently they are merely organs Of attach ment. This conclusion has also been reached by Biisgen 2 and Farlow3 in their studies. Large disks (hyphopodia) are also frequently devel Oped, and these evidently serve as organs for attaching the fungus more firmly to the leaf.
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The effect of research in genetics on the art of breeding
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New Citrus Creations of the Department of Agriculture
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Xenia, or the Immediate Effect of Pollen, in Maize (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Xenia, or the Immediate Effect of Pollen, in...)
Excerpt from Xenia, or the Immediate Effect of Pollen, in Maize
Indian corn is of several colours, as blue, white, red, and yellow; if these sorts are planted by themselves, so that no other sort be near them, they will keep to their own colour, i. E., the blue will produce blue, the white, white, etc. But if in the same field you plant blue corn in one row of hills (as we term them) and the white, or yellow, in the next row, they will mix and interchange their colours; that is, some of the ears of corn in the blue-corn rows shall be white, or yellow; and some in the white or yellow rows shall be of the blue colour.
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Selection of Stocks in Citrus Propagation (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Selection of Stocks in Citrus Propagation
L...)
Excerpt from Selection of Stocks in Citrus Propagation
Large, medium, and small nursery trees of Washington navel and Valencia oranges and Marsh grapefruit grown in comparative tests show that after years in the orchard the large trees remain large, the intermediate remain intermediate, and the small remain small. The evidence indicates that this condition is inherent in the trees and that in planting orchards only the large nursery trees should be used.
An examination of sweet and sour orange seedling stock, such as is used for budding, showed the presence of many widely different types. Some of these types were propagated and the trees at the end of years still show the same marked difference. Some are fully 5 times as large as others. Yet all such types are used as stocks.
Budding on seedling stocks of different types and unknown char acter of growth is believed to be largely responsible for the different. Sizes of budded trees developed in the nursery and also for many of the irregularities in size and fruitfulness of orchard trees.
Paper No. 63, University of California, Graduate School of Tropical Agri culture and Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California.
This discovery means that nursery methods should be changed.
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Some Facts Concerning the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University
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Report of the Botanist On the Grasses and Forage Plants, and the Catalogue of Plants Of Nebraska
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Some facts concerning the New York state college of agriculture at Cornell university
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Herbert John Webber was an American plant physiologist, professor emeritus of sub-tropical horticulture, first director of the University of California Citrus Experiment Station, and the third curator of the University of California Citrus Variety Collection.
Background
Herbert John Webber was born in Lawton, Mich. , the son of John Milton Webber and Rebecca Anna (Bradt) Webber. His father was a descendant of the Webbers of Hopkinton, Massachussets; his mother, a descendant of the Bradts and Mabees of Rotterdam, near Schenectady, N. Y. In 1867, Webber's family moved to central Iowa, settling near Marshalltown. The family farmed there for fifteen years, becoming well-to-do, and then moved to Lincoln, Nebr. , in 1883, primarily to educate their children.
Education
Webber first attended Willow Hill School, between Marshalltown and Albion, Iowa, and continued in the Albion Seminary. He obtained the B. S. degree from the University of Nebraska in 1889 and the M. A. in 1890. His work as a student and as an assistant in botany with Charles Edwin Bessey inspired him with an active scientific interest that dominated his subsequent life. He received the Ph. D. degree in 1901 from Washington University, St. Louis. In 1943, he received an honorary LL. D. from the University of California.
Career
From 1890 to 1892, Webber was assistant in botany in the Shaw School of Botany in Washington University, St. Louis. In 1892, Webber was appointed assistant pathologist in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and went to Eustis, Fla. , to study orange diseases in association with Walter T. Swingle. Here he developed two interests he was to continue throughout his career: the scientific study of living plants in the out-of-doors, and the study of botanical problems in subtropical regions. In Florida, Webber worked with Swingle in producing the first interspecific hybrids in Citrus having resistance to low temperatures, studied citrus diseases, and discovered motile antherozoids in Zamia. In 1897, Webber transferred to the Washington office of the Department of Agriculture. Two years later, he represented the department at the International Conference in London on hybridization and cross-breeding. In 1900 he was named physiologist in charge of the Laboratory of Plant Breeding, although he continued to work on the Florida citrus research. New investigations were undertaken in Washington, particularly in cotton breeding. Webber became an outstanding authority in this field, originating the Columbia variety, which in turn led to several long-staple Webber cottons. These were ancestors, in their turn, of several other widely grown varieties. In addition to citrus and cotton, Webber's name became linked to studies of corn, pine-apples, timothy, and potatoes. Webber moved to Cornell University in 1907. He was professor of plant biology in 1907-1908; head of the department of experimental plant biology in 1908-1912; and acting director of the New York State College of Agriculture in 1909-1910. During this period his most important research was in corn and timothy. In 1912, Webber was appointed director of the newly created Citrus Experiment Station and dean of the Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture of the University of California at Riverside. He began work in 1913, the year in which he received the honorary degree of doctor of agriculture from the University of Nebraska, and built up the station and school. During 1920-1921, he was general manager of the Pedigreed Seed Company at Hartsville, S. C. , specializing in cotton breeding. In 1921, he was appointed chairman of the division of subtropical horticulture in the College of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, and in 1923-1924, he served as acting dean of the college and director of the experiment station. From 1924 to 1925, Webber was special commissioner to study the citrus industry and agricultural research and education in the Union of South Africa. Following that assignment, he traveled in several parts of the world. Webber returned to Riverside in 1926 as director of the Citrus Experiment Station. In 1929, he retired from this position, but remained as professor of subtropical horticulture until 1936, when he retired and became professor emeritus. He continued to work with Citrus, however, until his death in Riverside, Calif. , on January 18, 1946, of a heart ailment. Webber reported the results of his research in some three hundred monographs, bulletins, and papers, that have appeared in the publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, the California Agricultural Experiment Station, the Department of Agriculture of the Union of South Africa, and various scholarly journals. In the last years of his life, he collaborated with Leon D. Batchelor, his successor as director of the Citrus Experiment Station, in planning a three-volume work, The Citrus Industry. The first volume, History, Botany and Breeding, containing chapters by himself and several collaborators and published in 1943, was the culmination of Webber's career. Volume 2, which contained chapters by Webber, appeared in 1948.
Achievements
He influenced the development of a more scientific concept and practice of genetics in the U. S. Department of Agriculture and at Cornell University. A study of Webber's life, particularly as revealed in his publications reporting the results of research, leads to the conclusion that his work, rigorously scientific as it was, was directed to the solution of practical problems of plant production, including the conquest of disease and the development of more productive varieties. Webber represented the best traits of the scientist in the public service - scholarly, yet concerned with science in the service of mankind.
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
Membership
He was a charter member of the California Botanical Society, a founder of the Botanical Society of America and of the American Genetic Association, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was an active member in a number of additional botanical and horticultural societies.
Personality
According to a longtime colleague, Webber was affable, genial, unselfish, alert, energetic, and optimistic.
Connections
On September 8, 1890, Webber married Lucena Anna Hardin, a fellow student in the University of Nebraska, who in subsequent years prepared many drawings for her husband's publications. Their children were Eugene Francis, Fera Ella, Herbert Earl, and John Milton.
